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  战国漆木彩绘镇墓兽(见图),通高60、座边宽30、座厚20厘米,漆木质地。武汉市文物考古研究所藏。此器由实心木方底座和镇墓兽组成,镇墓兽面部,雕刻有圆眼、獠牙,长长的舌头棱角分明,宽大微翘,通过颈部一直下垂于胸口。曲颈方身,身下有凸棱,立于雕凿而成的梯形方座上。方座四面雕刻出一些几何形方块,并饰以各种纹饰,色彩明丽而生动。战国时期,漆器的生产规模日趋扩大,随着激烈的社会变革,引发了伦理意识和审美观念的变化,亦使得当时的漆器工艺得到迅速发展,漆器融入人们的日常生活,漆器制品也广泛应用于社会的各个阶层,大到床、案、几、屏风、编钟架,小到奁、盒、匣、鉴、笛、排箫等,类别丰富多彩。漆的色调以黑、红为主,具有“朱画其内,墨染其外”的特点。整件器物全身髹黑漆,以红漆描绘面部、舌头、身体、方座的彩绘纹饰图案,具有浓郁的楚文化特征,从中可了解到春秋战国时期楚国墓葬风俗和漆器工艺水平已相当成熟。

  镇墓兽是我国古代墓葬中较为常见的一种怪兽冥器,主要有兽面、人面、鹿角等。据儒家经典《周礼》记载,有一种叫魍象(又称“罔象”)的水怪,特别喜欢吃死人肝脑,春秋左丘明所撰《国语·鲁语下》中有“水之怪曰龙、罔象”的记述。古时有一种名叫“方相氏”的神祇,据说有驱逐魍象、驱疫避邪的本领,所以民间多制作方相氏,竖立于墓侧,来防备魍象等怪物的侵扰,后来干脆在死人入葬时置放于墓中。据考古发现,镇墓兽最早出现于东周时期楚墓,流行于魏晋至隋唐时期,五代以后逐渐消失,其质地主要有木、骨、陶、唐三彩等,亦有少量石质和金属质地。古人认为阴间有各种野鬼恶鬼,会危害到死者的鬼魂,故在人死后入殓下葬时,将特制的镇墓兽置放于墓穴之中,以达到镇墓辟邪、镇慑鬼怪、保佑死者亡魂安宁的目的。

  春秋战国时期,今武汉地区主要属于楚国疆域,这件漆木彩绘镇墓兽2005年出土于武汉市经济技术开发区沌口石岭村战国时期楚国古墓群。当时发现了6座长方形且椁室保存完整的楚国墓葬,经过发掘清理,出土了青铜器、陶器、漆木器等各类文物200多件,漆木竹器等有漆木凤鸟、漆木虎座、漆木梳、漆木伞柄及箭、菔、鼓、柲、笥、剑鞘等。这件漆木镇墓兽为战国楚墓较为常见的随葬器物,外形抽象夸张,造型恐怖怪诞,构思奇特谲诡,具有强烈的神秘意味和巫术神话色彩。整件器物保存完整,气势雄奇,狰狞恐怖,沉寂凝重;雕塑线条简洁流畅,髹漆用色搭配和谐,红黑鲜明,鲜艳透亮,展示了战国时期高超的手工艺水平。

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