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  马家窑文化因1924年首次在甘肃省临洮县马家窑村古文化遗址发现而得名。马家窑文化是一种受关中地区仰韶文化影响发展起来的新石器时代文化,它的陶器形制特征近似仰韶文化,但它是具有明显地方特征的一种文化。马家窑文化主要分布在甘肃和青海东北部一带,其年代据碳-14测定,约为公元前3190—前1715年。已发掘的马家窑文化遗址,有甘肃兰州曹家嘴和青海乐都湾等数处。如图所示这件双人抬物纹彩陶盆,出土于青海省海南藏族自治州同德县宗日遗址,现藏于青海省博物馆。

  此器高11.3、口径24.5、腹围24.5、底径9.8厘米,泥质红陶,唇外侈,略鼓腹,内外饰黑彩,外部主要为平行条纹。内彩主题为四组两人相向而立,背部弯曲、双臂前伸共抬一圆形重物,四组纹饰之间以横竖条纹填充,人物和横线之间用竖线隔开,下面是平行纹,口沿饰三角纹和斜线条纹,盆外彩绘有平行带纹和单钩纹。

  马家窑文化的陶器以砂质和泥质红陶为主。但泥质陶的胎质细腻,器表多经磨光,并多系手制,彩陶最为发达。彩绘多用黑彩在泥质红陶或橙黄陶的颈部与上腹部,绘制出颜色鲜艳、线条流畅的图案花纹装饰。在砂质红陶器表还有施用划纹、三角纹、绳纹和附加堆纹,表明马家窑文化的彩陶已具有较高的艺术水平。具有代表性的陶器是彩陶。

  根据马家窑文化彩陶的纹样还可以区分为马家窑类型、半山类型和马厂类型。其中,马家窑类型彩陶:制作精细,以黑色彩绘较多。彩陶纹样有条带纹、圆点纹、弧纹、波纹、方格纹、垂幛纹线纹、人面纹、蛙纹和舞蹈纹等。半山类型彩陶也以黑彩为主,但兼有少量红彩,构图复杂,纹样有螺旋纹、菱形纹、圆圈纹、葫芦形纹、三角纹、编织纹、连弧纹、网纹和锯齿纹等。马厂类型彩陶纹样较粗糙,有在红色陶衣上面施用红、黑二色绘制的彩陶。纹饰有人形纹、目形纹、云雷纹、三角纹、方框纹与蛙纹等。这件双人抬物纹彩陶盆便是马家窑类型中的一件代表性器物。

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