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图1 东汉方形钱纹陶井

  从远古时代开始,我国的先民们就已有“视死如生”的观念。新石器时代,专用于随葬的明器(也称“冥器”)制作已较为发达。两汉时期,陶质明器随葬的情况相当普遍,如陶楼、陶井、陶灶、陶圈厕、陶鸡、陶狗、陶猪等。这里来介绍一件东汉时期的方形钱纹陶井。

图2 陶井俯视图

图3 底部图

  这件陶井(图1),高14.2、口部边长16、底部边长14.7厘米,安徽省太和县出土,现藏于安徽博物院。陶井外形近似于一个正方体,方形口,体内中空。口部俯视(图2)可见横纵各两条平行的宽条组成“井”字形,四个角各有一个凸起的“柱杆”。井身外壁四面纹饰相同,上部为连续的菱形纹饰,下部为八个方孔圆形钱纹。底部平坦(图3),无纹饰。此陶井红色胎体,外壁原施有绿釉,绿釉部分脱落。

  《礼记·檀弓》中记载:“其曰明器,神明之也。涂车刍灵,自古有之,明器之道也”。“涂车”就是泥车的意思,这说明在春秋战国以前就已有了陶泥质的明器。而从考古资料看,新石器时代我国的先民们已开始使用水井,在浙江河姆渡遗址、良渚遗址、河南汤阴白营、河北邯郸涧沟龙山文化遗址中都发掘出土过水井的遗存。汉代,水井在人们日常生活中更为普遍使用,所以在汉代随葬明器中就见有很多各式水井模型,这些随葬的陶质水井模型实际上也是对汉代社会生活的真实反映,从中我们也可以看出汉代水井的一些结构。如井身上部有井栏,即水井的围栏,一般由四根宽木料围成一个“井”字形,这也说明“井”字的由来应与井栏的造型有关,而在垂直方向上,井栏四角还各有一个柱杆,这些特征都能从这件东汉陶井中看出来。

  此陶井属于东汉时期的绿釉陶器,只是器表的绿釉剥落已较为严重。绿釉陶器是一种以铅为助溶剂、以氧化铜为着色剂的低温色釉,它们均用作随葬明器,未见实用器,这可能与低温烧成不宜实用有关。西汉时期,绿釉陶器最早出现在关中地区,后来推广到关东的河南等地区。东汉时期,绿釉陶器流行地域更为广泛,已遍布汉代政权统治下的大部分地区。

  这件陶井外壁的四个面下部都装饰有八个方孔圆形的钱纹,“方孔圆钱”是我国古代钱币最基本的形制,以铜铸者居多。最早在战国时期,诸侯国中的燕国、齐国、秦国都先后使用“方孔圆钱”。秦代以后,“方孔圆钱”这种货币样式就已基本定型,并沿用两千年之久。历代陶瓷器上,常以方孔圆钱纹作为装饰纹样,有一类汉代大陶罐外壁上就满饰钱纹,明清时期彩瓷上也常见有双钱纹等纹饰图案。钱纹作为陶瓷器纹样,有象征财富的含义,这件陶井是随葬明器,以钱纹装饰代表着墓主人生前的富足与死后继续享受荣华富贵的祝愿。

 

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