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图1 成武县张楼镇古墓出土石雕仪卫武士像

  山东省成武县博物馆藏有两尊石雕仪卫武士像,它们被陈列在“石刻”展厅。馆方对这两尊石雕像没有文字说明。据郭立馆长介绍,它们出自成武县张楼镇一古代墓葬中,因该墓没有墓志,故无法确定年代。这座古墓,可能是贵族或富人的墓。

图2 巩义北宋皇陵石翁仲

图3 张楼镇古墓出土武士石雕像

图4 唐代彩绘天王俑一对

图5 宋代天王石雕像

  中国自秦汉以来,盛行厚葬。富人及贵族希望自己死后灵魂升天,而且像生前那样继续拥有权力和享受豪华生活。故不惜花费巨资修建墓室,墓中设置显示地位与权力的石人、陶俑及青铜器皿等陪葬品。

  图1所示为地下墓门旁的石雕仪卫武士像,高约1.4米,石灰岩质,圆雕石像。身穿锁子甲,杖剑立像(上半身)。该武士头饰锁子缁巾,歪头侧耳警惕地细听外边的动静。值得一提的是,这名武士所穿的锁子甲,历史上比较常见。如图2巩义北宋皇陵石翁仲的锁子甲顿项(一直到北宋,锁子甲仍然只是局限于铠甲的局部柔软部分),再如明十三陵石雕像中也有锁子纹铠甲等。

  图3所示为地下墓门旁的另一尊武士石雕像,高约1.6米,石灰岩质,圆雕石像。此武士相貌特别,额头扁平,两只扇风大耳朵,小眼睛,扁鼻子,大嘴巴咧开至两耳,似乎在骄傲地大笑。胡须飘胸前,身穿对襟短甲,装有两颗护胸宝镜,杖剑站立,藐视来犯之敌。此武士似外域壮士,不是中原人。资料显示,装饰有护胸宝镜的武士并不鲜见。如有唐代彩绘天王俑(一对,图4),宋代天王石雕像(图5)。

  剑,始于何时,尚无确切的发掘资料可证。不过西周早期的剑,形式已相当成熟。甘肃灵台白草坡西周墓出土的带有透雕龙纹鞘的剑,就是很好的实例。在春秋晚期和战国时期,剑成为军队制式装备,当时的贵族们为了显示自己的武勇,开始在日常生活中也佩戴长剑。从此中国的有知识有文化的男性,把佩剑当成必不可少的身份象征。

  锁子甲在中国古代又称“环锁铠”。一般由铁丝或铁环套扣缀合成衣状,每环与另四个环相套扣,形如网锁,不同文明地方制作材料不同。由西域传入中国,最早记载见于三国时期曹植所著《先帝赐臣铠表》。经过当时中国制甲大师的改良,就有《晋书·吕光载记》描述此类铠甲中的最高品“铠如环锁,射不可入”。普通的弓箭不能射入,显然这是无论材质还是手法都是当时最好的中国锁子甲。唐代盛行,并将此甲列为13种甲制之一,西藏地区使用最为广泛,明代和清代还仍有沿用,明中后期军队大批量装备锁子甲和棉甲。还有另外一种山文甲也是锁子甲的一种。

  成武县张楼镇古墓有砖砌穹窿墓室及墓道,这是西汉至唐宋墓的特征,该墓道门旁出土的两尊石雕仪卫武士像,从它们杖剑及穿着披挂来看,很可能是隋唐时期的石雕像。

 

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