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  这件陶器(见图),名叫马家窑“留白”彩陶盆,直径约20厘米,宽边,折口,腹上圆而下敛。腹内一半彩绘,一半空白。该陶器属于新石器时代的马家窑文化马家窑类型,距今约5800年,现收藏于兰州彩陶艺术博物馆。

  “留白”彩陶盆腹内是水漩涡纹。一个水漩涡,慢慢旋转,向左右上方扩散发展,变成2个水漩涡。2个水漩涡,继续扩散,形成了3个水漩涡。其余部分为半边空白,留给人们无限遐想的空间。

  顾名思义,留白就是在作品中留下相应的空白。“留白”雅称“余白”,留白蕴含寂静、空旷、无言的美,于无墨处赋予广袤深远的意境,给人以启迪和美的享受。的确如此,书法作品中的“飞白”,绘画作品中的“留白”,文学作品中的“空白”,经典乐曲中的“余白”都是艺术的最高境界,只可意会不可言传,体现了作者很高的艺术素养。老子曰:“知其白,守其黑,为天下式”,他把黑白交错看成是天地宇宙贯通一切的原则。因此,计白当黑的审美辩证法也成为中国艺术创造的重要传统。

  从本质上讲,留白区域是“未使用的区域”,尽管留白区域看起来未使用,没什么作用,但实际上留白区域的作用相当大,给予设计呼吸的空间,提供了布局上的平衡。留白区域的环绕与陪衬,良好地衬托出中心区域的表现。

  留白是一种智慧,也是一种境界。予人以想象之余地,如此以无胜有的留白艺术,具有很高的审美价值,正所谓“此处无物胜有物”。此件彩陶盆的作者,画一半急速旋转的水漩涡纹,留一半空白而对应。我们应当辩证地看待这种现象,相对完整而言,“半”无疑是未完成的一种状态,是令人遗憾的一种缺失,然而,对于一件艺术品、自然哲学或者人生修养等方面来说,“半”又是一种高妙的技法,一种至高的境界,一种宽大的胸怀,一种过人的智慧。这个“一半”显得那么的高妙,这个“留白”又是多么的艺术啊!

  禅宗有一种境界,叫做无极而太极,万物而化生。“花未全开月未满”,这是古今的常理。其实,留白的关键,即是恰当地给有限的空间一些空隙,利用空隙的“无”来衬托出材质的“有”,最终虚实相生相衬,形成完美的一件艺术作品。对于这种思想体现最为深刻的就是著名的“断臂女神”维纳斯了。

  佛语里,留白是一种人生境界,做人、做事留有分寸、留有空间,恰恰这份知足,因了这份素心、这份禅意,越发的高洁、静简了,如水一般通透、素朴而清凉、入心、摄魄。

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