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  《羽人戏鹿图》汉画像石(见图),图中有羽人(会飞翔的仙人,为西王母的侍奉神,能带领得道升仙的人进入仙界)在戏逗仙鹿,上有代表吉祥如意的凤鸟,图案设计合理,线条流畅,比喻恰当,趣味丛生,造型精美,神采飞扬,饱满而有力度,达到了很高的艺术水平。羽人是羽化登仙,向往神仙世界,鹿是祥瑞之物,神态优雅,气质高贵,实则仙鹿,表示仙人在戏逗玩耍的快乐,显示了汉民族“浮游天下傲四海”飘逸潇洒的人生态度。

  羽人是中华传统文化的形象代表之一,在汉画像石上均有羽人的身影。羽人的形象是源自中国的传统形象之一,羽人即汉代先民所信仰的仙人,古人认为仙人均有羽翼,故曰羽人。汉代羽人多是人鸟组合形象,极少有人鸟兽组合形象,羽人形象表现为人面鸟身、鸟首人身、肩背生翼、四肢生羽,人们用这种半兽类的形象寄托自己的向往和希冀。汉羽人在形象上双耳会高出头顶,这是其与先秦羽人不同的地方。

  羽人,在《山海经》中有记载:“羽民国在其东南,其为人长头,身生羽,双臂可以伸展为翼并能够在云中自由飞翔。《海外南经》相传,周灵王太子,王子乔上嵩山修炼成仙,双臂化为两翼。”东汉思想家王充《论衡无形篇》:“图仙人之形,体生毛,臂变为翼,行于云,则上增矣,千岁不死。”

  鹿,古人心目中“信而应礼”“恳诚发乎中”的“仁兽”。鹿是正义、善良、吉祥的化身。在中国古代文化中,鹿还是权力的象征。“鹿”与“禄”谐音,意为财运。神话传说中说鹿是天上瑶光星散开时生成的瑞兽,常与神仙、仙鹤、灵芝、松柏神树在一起,出没于仙山之间,保护仙草灵芝,向人间布福增寿,送人安康,为人预兆祥瑞。还说千年的鹿叫苍鹿,两千年的鹿叫玄鹿,南极仙翁——老寿星就选择了鹿当他的坐骑。

  《羽人戏鹿图》汉画像石,这一中国汉代独特背景下孕育出来的艺术形象,以它本身极强的象征意义和所代表的深刻思想内涵征服了一代又一代人,是集文化、宗教信仰、图腾崇拜于一身的艺术精品。“鹿”这种动物,别看个头不小,性子却是极为平和,吃的是青草,挤的是鹿奶,只埋头奉献从不做损人利己的坏事。凶猛的野兽要伤它吃它,它唯有三十六计跑为上;如果跑得不够快,被逮住吃掉,那只能怨老妈给生的腿短。因此古人常常拿“鹿”比喻天下,比喻世上温顺善良而又无权无势的百姓。

  从《羽人戏鹿图》汉画像石可以看出,反映汉人羽化登仙的向往,在这里,得到生动的体现。羽化登仙,向往神仙世界,是汉人解脱死亡天国的一种幻想,鹿是祥瑞之物,表示仙人在戏逗玩耍的快乐。《羽人戏鹿图》汉画像石,神态优雅,气质高贵,实则仙鹿也。鹿作伏地状,伏鹿,谐音福禄,尤其是鹿天性中的善良、柔美、内敛的气质,更是值得人们赞美。

  《羽人戏鹿图》汉画像石从题材到表现到承继了汉画像石传统,更突出了荡然不羁、自由奔放的精神。整个造型,需要有整体设计的匠心控制。躯体大幅度的运动,加上飘举的鬣须翅羽,更显示了戏鹿叱咤风云的气势,置于与羽人相戏的环境氛围中,收妙趣横生之效。线的勾勒、鳞片的次第展布,更使传统艺术的风韵得到张扬。

  《羽人戏鹿图》汉画像石的动态凝聚于画面,把它的运动性、时间性和空间性结合起来,使画面内容在这一特定的时间中,既动静结合、疏密有致、松紧适宜、变化统一,又体现出高超的艺术处理技巧,具有很高的审美价值。

  《羽人戏鹿图》汉画像石体现了汉代工匠的精雕细刻。对阴线刻、高浮雕、弧面浅浮雕等雕刻技法的灵活运用,使简单的线条亦能勾勒出有力的造型;对羽人戏鹿动态的捕捉、场景构图的研究,使画面虚实相错,简明生动;对艺术形象进行写意、夸张、变形等处理,令其形神兼备,既“传神”也“写形”,整体呈现出豁达闳大、毫不拘忌的大汉风尚,彰显着汉民族性格和审美取向,体现出独特的汉文化艺术内涵。

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