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图1 1909年黑水城遗址出土《山羊图》

 

  西夏“本以羊马为国”。西夏农牧民牧养的大宗家畜当属羊只,主要有绵羊、山羊和黄羊等,西夏文《杂字·羊部》中有“黑羊、小羖、大羖、抚羊、羖羊、壮羊”等。这些羊只资源,为西夏人的饮食提供了大量的动物实物资源。西夏人待客时,也以羊为最高礼节。西夏谚语中就有“设宴祭神宰羊羔”,说明羊是西夏人祭祀和宴请客人的主要待客方式之一。

 

图2 海原县西夏临羌寨遗址出土褐釉瓷羝羊

 

  羊在西夏社会经济和饮食文化中的重要地位不言而喻,甚至在当时的艺术创作中,亦可见到羊的身影。如1909年黑水城遗址(今属内蒙古自治区额济纳旗)就曾出土一幅《山羊图》(图1)。该作品纸本墨画,高11.2、宽12.5厘米,现藏于俄罗斯艾尔米塔什博物馆。再如海原县的西夏临羌寨遗址中,曾出土1件褐釉瓷羝羊(图2)。该器高4.5、长6.5厘米,造型为一站立式的羝羊。羝羊双角旋涡式卷曲在头部,耳、眼、尾等细部没有过多的表现,通体用手捏塑,为大写意式的圆塑,造型深厚拙朴。

  时至今日,羊羔肉仍然是西夏故地的宁夏、甘肃、陕西一带人的主要肉食,少数民族逢祖先忌日,便宰羊羔进行“倒油”(祭祀)活动,亲朋好友与客人来了,高档次的接待也是宰羊羔。不过笔者也发现一个有趣的现象——在西藏、新疆、青海、内蒙古及一些南方省市,并不食羔羊肉。这或与宋代宣仁高太后垂帘听政时期,禁食羔羊形成的民俗民风有很大的关系。

  宋朝时食用羊肉与西夏截然不同,形成非常大的反差。据史料,元丰八年(1085)春,宋神宗赵顼驾崩,其子赵煦即位,年仅十岁,其母宣仁高太后垂帘听政。在“宫中膳食,只用羊肉,因为羊吃草,不需用粮食。但牛因能耕田,严禁食用。”“高太后过生日的时候,御厨别出心裁地用羊乳房和羊羔肉做成了两道鲜美的佳肴,献给高太后。”“高太后得知后,说‘羔羊在吃乳时期,杀母羊取其乳房,羔羊就要断乳饿死,羔羊幼小,烹而食之有伤天道。’即命将佳肴撤去,并下旨不得宰羊羔为膳。”对宋朝各族人民的饮食习惯产生了巨大的影响。

  有关西夏羊的艺术品,除了前文所述的两件绘画和瓷塑作品外,还有很多艺术品值得挖掘和探索。

 

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