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  2015年5月,河南省巩义市文物考古研究所发掘的该市一座中晚唐时期墓葬中,出土了一件唐三彩,被专家命名为“陆羽煮茶器”。它是迄今为止国内首个陆羽煮茶三彩器,展现出“茶圣”陆羽煮茶的形象,也是我国迄今发现最早的与陆羽形貌相关的实物资料。

  这是一套相对完整的煮茶器(见图),主要有碾、炉、盂、执壶、茶盘、盏、茶鍑等器物以及煮茶坐俑。这些器物与陆羽像伴出,且都能从陆羽《茶经》记载的“茶之器”中找到原型。如陆羽所写风炉有连葩、垂蔓、曲水、放之类装饰,茶鍑“方其耳,广其缘,长其脐”,都与出土文物一一印证,为全面反映唐代茶事从碾茶、煮茶、分茶到饮茶过程的随葬品。这些新发现为推动唐代茶文化研究提供了极为珍贵的资料,具有极为重要的学术研究价值。

  这件三彩陆羽煮茶器施黄褐釉和绿釉,粉红色胎,一侧为一坐俑,另一侧一风炉上置有茶鍑。坐俑为陆羽,高约11厘米,头裹绿釉襆头,身着一件窄袖圆领长衫,端坐于一亚腰形圆座上,身体微微前倾,神情专注于身前的茶鍑,左手抚于左腿上,右手执瓢,好像随时准备分茶。北京大学考古文博学院院长杭侃教授说,“出土这套茶具的墓葬,墓室非常小,只有4平方米,说明墓主人等级不高,恰恰因为其等级不高,说明当时饮茶已经非常流行”。

  陆羽出生于唐代复州竟陵,就是现在的湖北天门,著有《陆文学自传》,其中写到,“陆羽字鸿渐,不知何许人,有仲宣、孟阳之貌陋,相如、子云之口吃”。据《新唐书》和《唐才子传》记载,“陆羽因其相貌丑陋而成为弃儿,唐开元二十一年,被竟陵龙盖寺住持智积禅师收养在寺院”。关于陆羽的姓名也颇多争议,智积禅师用周易给他占了一卦,卦辞上说:鸿渐于陆,其羽可用为仪,于是定姓为“陆”,取名为“羽”字,以“鸿渐”为字,以占卜取姓名陆羽也算为古今第一人,堪称是千古奇闻。之后拒绝做僧人逃离寺院,他的志趣不在功名利禄,而是以身许茶,立志于对茶事的研究考察工作。“安史之乱”之后,陆羽一路考察茶事,辗转来到江南的湖州,从此定居于此,以茶民为友,以茶叶为伴。

  公元760年,陆羽结庐于苕溪之滨,开始闭门著书,以及细写《茶经》,煮香雪。为留清香驻人间的隐居生活,他用毕生精力撰写了一部“茶叶百科全书”《茶经》,前后经历了三十年时间,他对中国乃至世界茶业作出了卓越贡献,被誉为“茶圣”,奉为“茶仙”祀为“茶神”。《茶经》是中国乃至世界现存最早、最完备的一部茶叶专著,对唐代及唐以前茶叶的历史、产地、茶的功效、栽培、采制、煎煮、饮用等作了科学阐述和系统总结,开创中国茶文化之先河。唐代李肇《国史补》卷中记载,“巩县陶者多为瓷偶人”,当时的卖茶人将陆羽塑成陶瓷像置于灶上供奉,就像现在的生意人供奉关公一样。

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