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图1 一组秦汉文字纹和云纹瓦当

  在宁夏固原博物馆的展厅内,展示了数组固原周围秦汉遗址和墓葬出土的古陶制建筑构件。这些展品体现了古代先民的聪明才智,令人印象深刻。

图2 一组灰陶琉璃筒瓦

图3 固原境内秦汉遗址出土的城市地下排水管道构件

  图1所示这组为秦汉文字纹和云纹瓦当。图中上排左一为汉代“长生无极”瓦当,寓意长寿没有极点。轮内单线弦纹,双线中心圆内饰一突起大乳钉,沿周饰联珠,内外圆之间以双线“十”字栏界,四个扇形区间,阳文篆书“长生无极”四字,字体近隶书。笔画纤细,笔法苍劲,精美绝伦,审其形制与字体风格,当为西汉中晚期皇家建筑所用瓦。上排其余三个及下排左一是云纹瓦当,为西汉瓦当中数量最大的一类。云纹的主要变化,大致分为卷云纹瓦当、羊角形云纹瓦当等类别。

  在流行的圆形瓦当上,最常见的装饰纹样之一是卷云纹。卷云纹瓦当一般在圆当面上作四等分,各饰一卷曲云头纹样。变化较多,有的四面对称,中间以直线相隔,形成曲线和直线的对比;有的作同向旋转形。这样图纹的瓦当,富有韵律美感。下排右侧两件十字花纹瓦当,是唐代风格。在契丹人修的山西大同华严寺就有这种瓦当出现。因为契丹人崇拜太阳神,多数庙宇冲东向盖,而大量类似日神的图腾,比如屋檐上用十字花纹、菊花纹瓦当、莲花纹饰等。

  图2所示是一组灰陶琉璃筒瓦。器体长约40、直径约11厘米。筒瓦是用于覆盖大型庙宇、宫殿屋顶的陶质建筑材料。有的宫殿及大型寺庙的筒瓦表面饰黄色、绿色、蓝色等琉璃。筒瓦一般为手制或模制,两侧有切割痕迹,舌部经陶轮旋削。整器火候高,相当坚硬。筒瓦为阳瓦,覆盖屋顶时,舌端朝上,相互叠扣。个别的筒瓦有瓦钉孔,便于固定。器表饰较粗的绳纹,器内除素面外,往往有麻点纹、斜方格纹、菱形纹等纹饰。它与板瓦、瓦当相配,用于宫殿及其他重要建筑物上,大量发现于古城遗址中,其流行时代大约为春秋中期至战国晚期,直至秦汉以后。

  图3所示是固原境内秦汉遗址出土的城市地下排水管道构件。一节长58、直径16厘米,表面绳纹,里面麻点纹,一头粗,一头细,大头套小头。陶质排水管历史悠久,商周时期即开始生产建筑用泥质灰陶管,用于城市污水管道,陶管是最古老的用于下水管道工程的材料之一。

 

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