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图1 清代暖砚的砚盖、砚台和砚座三部分  

  在古代,当冬天温度降至冰点以下时,砚池里的墨汁就会结一层薄冰,舔墨时笔和墨就会粘在一起。为了让墨汁不被冻住,聪慧的古人发明了暖砚,用火或热水持续供热,使墨汁保持在0℃以上,让书写不再费力。

图2 砚底铭文

 

  暖砚最早起源于何时已不可考,现存最早的暖砚,为l982年在甘肃灵台县百里镇北宋中晚期的窖藏中出土的一方陶暖砚。宋人王之道《和张文纪咏雪二首》有诗云:“三杯强沃浇肠酒,一捻聊分暖砚盐。”到了明清时期,暖砚便已被广泛使用。据史料记载,明成祖朱棣迁都北京后,由于天气寒冷,暖砚遂成了京城各级官吏的标配。

  暖砚的材质多种多样,常见的有歙石和松花石的,还有用金、银、铜、玉、陶瓷等材料制成的。其造型有正方形、长方形,还有六方形、八方形、圆形、鼓形等。暖砚的功能可分为两大类,一种是“水暖形”,即在墨堂之下凿出空腔,通过注入热水使砚面的温度升高。另一种是“火暖形”,即在砚面之下设置底座,一般用金属制成砚匣,引入炭火烧烤或置放油灯加热。

  本文要介绍的这件清代暖砚(图1),呈石鼓状,褐色,肚径16、高8.5厘米,重257克,材质为红丝石,分砚盖、砚台和砚座三部分,构思精巧,制作精良。外壁通体雕刻着“暗八仙”的图纹,为葫芦、芭蕉扇、宝剑、荷花、鱼鼓、横笛、花篮、阴阳板,刀法娴熟,线条流畅,惟妙惟肖。盖面雕刻着波浪纹和卷草纹,那卷草自然卷曲,参差不齐,似乎在随风舞动,轻盈潇洒,显得灵动有生机。盖的边沿和外壁下部均装饰有一圈鼓钉纹。揭开砚盖,里面圆形的砚台色彩艳丽,纹理独特,十分养眼。砚台之下是中空的砚座,注入滚水,升腾的热气便可提升砚台的温度,使得在砚台上研磨的墨汁浓淡适宜,不干不冻,十分方便。

  暖砚底部中心,有圆形凹形区域,内有楷书的“子孙永昌”四字(图2),左边有“文”“治”的篆体印章,字迹深峻有力,疏密有致。

  这件红丝石暖砚石质温润如玉,造型新颖别致,色泽古朴典雅,纹理丰富多变,包浆自然熟旧。值得一提的是,这件暖砚雕琢成石鼓的形状,也大有寓意。鼓是精神的象征,古时的战场上、衙门前多设有鼓。激昂的鼓声让人精神振奋,士气倍增。孜孜不倦的文人用此石鼓形暖砚研墨写文章,想必也会文思泉涌,下笔如有神助。小小的一件红丝石暖砚,既实用又融艺术于一体,是一件值得收藏的案头雅物。

 

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