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  说起我国古人,其实最素爱焚香,焚香的习俗在我国的起源也是非常早的。最初焚香是为了驱逐蚊虫,后来逐步发展,焚香用途开始多样化,主要有:第一,熏衣;第二,古代书房必备;第三,供奉祭祀神佛。随着熏香的多样化,人们逐渐开始注重香炉的制作。可以制香炉的材料有很多,陶、瓷、铜铁等均可以制作,随着明代制铜技术的发展,铜香炉逐渐取代其它材料的香炉成为主流,宣德炉就是铜香炉制作的顶峰。宣德炉是明代宣德年间,在皇帝的亲自督促下第一次采用黄铜制作的香炉。真正地宣德炉制作非常精美,所以自宣德年间以后仿制品络绎不绝,使得宣德炉的鉴别极其困难。今天,就来探讨一下如何鉴别宣德炉。

  第一,形制。宣德炉的形状一般或是方唇、或是圆唇、或是敞口的,炉腹呈扁形向外鼓出炉底一般是钝底圆锥形的三足或是分裆空足。香炉的口上制有炉耳,形状一般为兽形、桥形或者是了形。炉的外底一般都有铭文标识的的年款,年款的标识与宣德年间的瓷器的标识类似。

  第二,包浆、色泽。真正的宣德炉包浆自然,浑身充满宝气,光泽温润,而且经久不变。仿冒的宣德炉包浆不自然,呈现出一种贼光,时间久了就会变得暗淡,非常难看。

  第三,颜色。古人有云:“宣炉之妙,在宝色内涵珠光,外现澹澹穆穆”,可见宣德炉的颜色非常奇妙。宣德炉采用进口的红铜,经过4-12次的炼制,后又加入金银等数十种贵重金属加以铸造,成品颜色丰富,宝光四现。真正地宣德炉颜色以紫红色为主色调,同时还散发出红、黄、绿、青、蓝、白、金等颜色。根据旧说,宣德炉大体上有五种颜色,佛纸色、褐色、棠梨色、栗壳色和茄皮色,其中佛纸色的作为贵重。有一小部分宣德炉在炉外添上小块金箔,寓意生金,这种经过特殊处理的宣德炉就更加贵重了。宣德炉经过高温表面会出现大量小气泡,冷却后宣德炉的原色不会变,这是因为真品采用了一种特殊的制作工艺,仿冒品是无法做出的。

  第四,铸工。真品铸工非常精细,,质量平均,造型古朴浑雅,是我国铜器铸造的巅峰之作。

  第五,磨损。真品宣德炉在明朝宣德年间制作,距今已经有几百年的历史了,自然有一定的磨损。真品磨损的痕迹非常自然,磨痕也比较均匀。伪造的宣德炉为了让其显现出古老的迹象,往往会经过人为的打磨,制作出磨痕,人为制作的磨痕往往不太均匀,而且极其不自然,这一点行家比较容易辨认。

  第六,款识。明朝宣德年间制作的宣德炉的款识大致有四种:宣、宣德、宣德年制、大明宣德年制。比较有特色的是,宣字的点不过横,德字则比我们日常书写的少一横。而且经过几百年,款识也是会有一定磨损的,那些经过认为做旧的款识很容易辨别。其实还有大量的宣德炉是没有款识的。

  宣德炉制作精美,制作工艺精湛,各个年代仿冒品层出不穷,所以宣德炉的鉴定是存在相当大的难度的。现存的宣德炉真品稀少,所以收藏者或投资者需谨慎投资,以免上当受骗。

 

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