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  #家具价值#

  从审美角度讲,无论是哪种风格、哪种材质的家具,只要做工精良,比例适当,装饰考究,就是一件优秀的家具作品。反之,即使形制再特殊、材料选用再高档、装饰再复杂,也不会提升整件器物的艺术品质。

  造型的优劣和构件的比例关系,是決定家具艺术价值的重要因素。王世襄先生提出以“家具十六品”,即:简练、淳朴、厚拙、凝重、雄伟、圆浑、沉穆、浓华、文绮、妍秀、劲挺、柔婉、空灵、玲珑、典雅、清新,来概括各种家具的风格特点。同时他又总结以“八病”,即:繁琐、赘复、臃肿、滞郁、纤巧、悖谬、失位、俚俗,来概括家具制作过程中在造型上存在的问题。掌握了家具的“品”和“病”,其造型的优劣和艺术价值的高低,自然也就分明了。

  制作工艺的水平,是衡量古代家具价值的又一把尺子、主要可从结构的合理性、榫卯的精密程度、雕刻的功夫等方面去考察。中国的传统家具向来以结构合理著称,但在不少实例中,依然有着结构不合理的现象,即使是在家具制作技艺达到顶峰时期制作的明式家具也不例外。例如一些家具的腿足、罗锅枨等部件的造型,没有顺应木性,极易在转折处断裂,此类家具在价值上就难免要打折扣了。除此以外,榫卯的牢固程度和密合程度,雕工的好坏,也直接影响着家具价值的高低。在评价家具的雕饰时,除考虑工艺的难易和操作的精确度外,关键是要从整体上审视家具是否具有动人的质感和传神的的味。

  材质是家具定价的核心。如果是通体构件均用同一材质种类制作的古代家具,则用材的珍贵程度的一般顺序是:紫檀、黄花梨、鸡翅木、楠木、红木、乌木、铁力木、花梨木、榉木、榆木、柞木、楸木……但在大量的传世品中,有的往往只是在表面施以美材,而在非表面处使用一些较次材质的木材,也有把上等木材贴于一般木材上制成胎骨表面的,还有的家具干脆以多种不同木材拼凑而成。对这些家具用材价值的确定,一要看它良材与次材在使用材积上的比例;二是看在家具的主要部位施用良材的情况。一件家具的良材材积如占到整体的50%以上,一般就可以用此种良材的名称命名这件家具。

  关注家具用材自不必说,但是也应该注意到家具造型与材质的关系。材质的地域性特点十分关键,因为不同的时期和地区,制作家具所使用木材的种类常常是有所区别的。也就是说,一些古家具所用的材质种类,可以直接反映出该家具的产地和年代。比如有宋元风格的漆木家具,明代的楠木、柏木、榉木家具,清中期的红木家具。许多人在只以木质定高下的简易法则的误导之下坠入了拜物的误区、认为唯有稀有材料的家具才是好家具。盲目的本质崇拜、大大影响了其对整体造型品评的能力。其实,每种木材盛行之时,总会有一种款式、工艺与其相对应,即使是同一款式,不同种木材所制的家具往往也有着不同的工艺结构特点,只有细心的鉴赏者才会发现。因此,以木质定高下的做法显然与家具审美的目的背道而驰,应当引以为戒。

 

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