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霸王杖画案  

  明清家具是中国古典家具的集大成者,用料之考究,工艺之精湛,为不少家具收藏者所喜爱,但对于明清家具了解的人并不多,以至于不易分辨。那么明式家具与清式家具有何区别?

  一、 造型

  明式家具在造型上以线为主,简练大方。一方面在家具形体的每个部件进行线型的设计与加工,使构成家具的所有构件都能呈现出特定的线型感,另一方面,又将构件的线型加入到家具整体的形体造型中,成为家具整体形象的直接体现。

  明式家具还尤其注意线脚的应用和变化。运用不同的脚线,表现出起伏和线型的变化,在视觉中具有方向感、运动感和明暗变化。运用线脚来贯通整体,使家具的视觉形象完整地统一起来。

  明式家具具有严密的比例关系,许多明式家具的尺寸比例,基本上与现代的人体工程学原则相一致。此外,明式家具的椅凳、桌案等家具中都可看到收分,家具的腿部根据其长短,大多是从下端向上逐渐收细,并略向里倾,使家具有稳健、挺拔和轻盈的视觉效果。

  清式家具造型变化无穷,单件家具的设计注意造型的变化,品种繁多,式样丰富,有很多明代所没有的品种和式样,比如出现了多功能、可折叠、拆装的新型家具,如套几。

  从造型上看,清式家具的形态优美凝重,线型圆润流畅,有富丽堂皇、气势雄伟之感,尤其是广式家具体态要比明式家具宽大、厚重。

  二、 装饰

  明式家具在装饰上繁简相宜,手法灵活。采用雕刻、镶嵌、髹饰等多种用法,结构装饰或细部刻划,使结构与装饰、装饰与家具整体浑然一体。

  注重装饰是清式家具的显著特征,为了达到瑰丽多姿,千变万化的效果,清式家具几乎使用了一切可以利用的装饰材料,尝试了一切可以采用的装饰手法,在家具制作与各种工艺品相结合上力求新奇。采用较多的装饰手法是雕饰和镶嵌。清式家具大量采用螺钿嵌饰,镶嵌珐琅器也曾流行一时,与清式家具的风格十分和谐。

  三、 选材

  明式家具在选材上多用硬木,纹理优美,大量选用质地坚硬、色泽幽雅、肌理华美的珍贵木材,如选用黄花梨、紫檀、鸡翅木等木材。

  清式家具选材考究,做工精细,推崇色泽深、质地密、纹理细的珍贵硬木,如紫檀。用材清一色,各种木材互不混用,选材上要求无疤无节,色泽均匀。

 

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