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图1 吴昌硕《朴巢印存》  

  吴昌硕最早的一部印谱,名谓《朴巢印存》(图1),线装两册,共钤印103方,谱前有施浴升序言,后有吴瑶华跋语,谱中录有吴昌硕手抄五言八韵“试帖诗”墨迹六首。“朴巢”,为吴昌硕早期的书斋名,取归真返朴终身不辱之意。此印谱成书于清同治庚午(1870)年,为吴昌硕22岁至27岁5年间的篆刻作品。

图2 吴昌硕刻《陋室铭》印

  印谱中收录的《陋室铭》印(图2),乃是唐代诗人刘禹锡的名篇,全文计81个字,是目前所见吴昌硕所刻最多文字的一方印章。印文采用白文刻制,分8竖行由右向左排列,前7行每行10字,最后一行11字,每字大小不尽相同,以笔画繁简取决空间位置。

  晚明以降,文人篆刻以诗文闲句入印,蔚然成风,甚至出现了像乾隆间钱塘印人周芬将王勃名篇《滕王阁序》770余字,一字不漏地刻在10厘米见方的巨制宏构,多字印已被推到了动心骇目的地步。习印时期的吴昌硕,也免不了受到时风的影响。

  篆刻一道,方寸之石,是以印章方寸规定的微型的、相对近观的艺术,印章方寸的范围已成为篆刻审美的基本定式,一旦试图无度地将印面放大而类似版画,或印文多到近于碑刻,或印面极度缩小而成微雕工艺,篆刻最基本的特征将大大变异。我们从《陋室铭》印面密密麻麻的文字排列上,很难欣赏到什么技巧和意境,只有近观局部,恐怕才会看出一些名堂来。

  从《朴巢印存》辑录的篆刻作品看,吴昌硕早年篆刻,印风涉猎广泛,既有取法丁敬、黄易、陈鸿寿、钱松等人的浙派印风,还有师从何震、邓石如一路的皖派格调,亦有直追古玺、汉印的摹古,还有仿刻《飞鸿堂印谱》中格调不高的作品,由此可见吴昌硕早年显然经过一段迷茫的摸索探路阶段。施浴升在印谱序言中称:“见夫汉魏之遗文,钟鼎之奇制,以及古籀之源流,白朱体之区别,莫不各尽其妙,灿然毕备。”这完全是同乡长辈对晚辈鼓励的誉美之词;而当代篆刻家祝遂之说,从《朴巢印存》中看到昌硕先生早年的篆刻已具有较高的造诣,笔者以为是不实之言。

  篆刻《陋室铭》多字印,是吴昌硕年轻时的一次艺术尝试,他后来肯定意识到了多字印在观赏上存在的弊端,便没再刻过费力不讨好的多字印。

 

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