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  鸡翅木,是木材弦切面上纹理酷似鸡翅的一类木材的总称。鸡翅木并不是木材树种名称,而是民间约定俗成的叫法。古代曾有“有鸡必定喻吉”、“鸡吉谐音”的说法。历史上文人、商贾达官认为带有鸡谐音的名称喻含吉祥如意,有关吉祥图案的书都有此解,另外因其木材弦切面纹理酷似鸡翅,故名鸡翅木。鸡翅木的名字受人喜欢,得到文人的倾心青睐,商贾达官的附庸风雅,使之成为贵族,追逐者众。

  首先说一下鸡翅木的类目:

  按GB/T 18107—2000《红木》标准,鸡翅木类必备条件:

  (1)崖豆属(Millettia)和铁刀木属(Cassia)树种。

  (2)木材结构甚细至细,平均管孔弦向直径不大于200μm。

  (3)木材含水率12%时气干密度大于0.80g/cm 3 。

  (4)木材的心材,材色是黑褐或栗褐,弦面上有鸡翅花纹。

  然后说一下鸡翅木的渊源:

  早在唐朝就有关于鸡翅木的描述,但对鸡翅木树种名称的描述却不尽相同。唐诗“红豆生南国,春来发几枝。愿君多采撷,此物最相思”,即是描述此树,其子为红豆,故此树又名“相思木”。(明)曹昭撰、王佐增补《格古要论》中介绍:“鸂鶒木出西番,其木一半纯黑色,如乌木。有距者价高,西番作骆驼鼻中绞子,不染肥腻。常见有作刀靶,不见其大者”。

  其中描述了鸡翅木的产地、材色、材质。林仰三、苏中海先生根据文中描述认为此树为产于印度的铁刀木。(清)屈大均《广东新语》把鸡翅木称为“海南文木”:“有曰鸡翅木,白质黑章如鸡翅,绝不生虫”、“售秦晋间,妇女以为首饰,马食之肥泽,谬曰马食相思”、“其树多连理枝,故名相思。”其中讲到有的白质黑章,有的色分黄紫,斜锯木纹呈细花云。子为红豆,可作首饰,因此兼有“相思木”或“红豆木”之名。

  古斯塔夫·艾克(GustavEcke)《中国花梨木图考》中认为,“鸡翅木”是指木材特有的灰褐色和黑斑条而言,颇似“鸂鶒木”。但经哈托利(H.Hattori)博士鉴定为铁力木。据陈嵘《中国树木分类学》介绍:“鸡翅木属红豆属,计约40种,在我国生长有26种。”侯宽昭《广州植物志》则称鸡翅木共有60种以上,中国产26种,有的色深,有的色淡,有的纹美,品种不同而已。

  从以上文献可知,历史上曾称做是鸡翅木的树种有红豆属、铁力木、铁刀木、崖豆属等树种。但故宫博物院工作人员对故宫内现存的鸡翅木文物进行鉴定,鉴定结果是崖豆木中的一种。

 

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