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图1 正面  

  新乡市博物馆收藏有一枚明代狮钮寿山石印(图1、2),通长4.5、宽2.6、通高7.7厘米,重135克。印章内容为椭圆形篆文“光风霁月”(图3)。“光风”意为雨后初晴时的风;“霁”表示雨雪停止;“光风霁月”描绘了雨过天晴万物明净的景象,隐喻了印章主人开阔的胸襟和心地。印文篆书“光风霁月”笔法圆润,若绵裹铁,妖媚中饶有古趣。

图2 背面

图3 印面

  狮钮印章质地为寿山石,质地细腻,光滑细腻,散发蜡状光泽。钮印圆雕大、小两只狮子,大狮子口衔灵芝草,做回首状,小狮子爬在大狮子的身上,昂首挺胸。两狮子面目相对,小狮子活泼可爱,玩耍嬉戏,大狮子神情严肃仿佛在教导小狮子。雕刻刀功精湛,把狮子的形态、花纹、毛发雕刻得栩栩如生,将大狮子的威严和小狮子的顽皮展现得淋漓尽致。狮子有瑞兽之誉,“狮”与“师”同音,大狮小狮谐称官职“太师少师”,此圆雕图案也有望子成龙、官运亨通之意。寿山石是我国最负盛名的工艺雕刻石种,因产于福州市北郊的寿山及其邻近地区而得名。寿山石主要组成矿物为地开石、高岭石、伊利石、珍珠陶土、叶腊石等,常见颜色为黄、白、红、褐等色,具有天生丽质、五彩斑斓、品种繁多等特点,制成的印章石质地细腻,有滑腻感,蜡状光泽,有利于各种形状钮雕的加工和雕刻。

  钮雕是专指印章上部钮饰的雕刻,属于圆雕的范畴。钮雕的出现是和印章紧密相连的,先有印章后有钮雕。印章最早发现在殷墟,推断印钮发明于殷商,形成于西周,而其广泛使用则是在战国时期。最初的印章在阶级社会中是权力和地位的象征,其使用和佩戴有着严格的规制,不同的形制、材料、尺寸与官爵权力紧密相关,不同的人使用不同的印章其名称也不相同,如民间百姓使用的称之为记、铭,朝廷官员使用的称之为印、章,皇帝使用的称之为宝、玺。最初印章的钮十分简单,只在印章钮的上方凿钻一孔眼,用来穿绳系结以便于携带,印钮在我国历史上的发展主要分为实用期和工艺美术两个时期,先秦至元明时期的印钮主要以实用为主,铸刻较为简单。元明以后,印钮进入到了工艺美术时期,钮雕艺术也至此而盛,自元代文人治印之风大兴,至明代则“无不人人斯篆,家家秦汉”,加之印材范围的拓宽,钮雕在这一时期已初步完成了从实用功能为主到装饰功能的转化,其题材以神话传说中的瑞兽如古狮、璃虎、蟠龙等为主,整体造型古朴,意态高雅,展现了属于自身的艺术特点,为印钮的艺术化奠定了基础。到了清代,印钮已完全成为艺术品,篆刻和钮雕在方寸之间都得到了极大的发挥空间,物像小巧而精致,其文化艺术与观赏性得到了极大的释放,形成了今后几百年钮雕艺术的异彩纷呈。

 

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