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  文房四宝,砚为其一。端砚为中国四大名砚之首,它石质特别幼嫩、纯净、细腻、滋润、坚实、严密,制成的端砚具有呵气可研墨、发墨不损毫、冬天不结冰的特色。历代帝王将相、文人墨客、达官贵人对端砚推崇备至,视若珍宝。宋朝著名诗人张九成曾赋诗赞美:“端溪古砚天下奇,紫花夜半吐虹霓。”

  端砚的使用始于初唐,距今已有1300多年的历史,端砚以其上乘的石质成名于中唐。经过宋、元发展时期后,又经历了明清成熟期和清末的衰落期,以及1949年后的恢复发展时期。不同时期的端砚特点各有不同。端砚形制在唐宋时期较为简单、古朴,注重实用。明代端砚的欣赏价值趋于强化,花式品种不断增多。而清代的端砚形制已是集雕刻、绘画、书法、篆刻等艺术门类于一身的文房珍品,步入了民族工艺美术的行列。现已成为中国工艺美术百花园中的一朵奇葩,2006年5月,“端砚制作技艺”入选我国首批非物质文化遗产名录。

  端砚石品常见的有鱼脑冻、荡青花、蕉叶白、天青、翡翠、金星点、水纹、金钱线和石眼等等。它的制作过程十分辛苦,从探察、开凿、运输、选材、雕刻、打磨、洗涤到装盒,工序多而且细致。此乾隆浮雕诗文端砚,材质为较名贵而难得的绿端石,色泽青绿,微带黄色。石质幼嫩,润滑。砚呈长方形,砚堂平整。带砚盒,盒盖上铭文:“颓以唐,激以昂,不痴不狂,亦谑相庄,是为老阜之行藏。乾隆戊午南阜山人自题。”南阜山人即高凤翰(1683~1749),清代画家、书法家、篆刻家。又名翰,字西园,号南村,又号南阜、云阜,别号因地、因时、因病等有40多个,晚因病风痹,用左手作书画,又号尚左生。山东人。雍正初,以诸生荐得官,为歙县县丞,署绩溪知县,罢归。性豪迈不羁,精艺术,画山水花鸟俱工,工诗,尤嗜砚,藏砚千,皆自为铭词手镌之。有《砚史》、《南阜集》。

  早在1992年,曾被张大千收藏过的一件端砚,以38.5万港元的价格成交;2004年北京翰海春拍中,一件清康熙“绿端石夔龙纹砚”,以176万元的价格成交;2007年西泠印社的“文房清玩·历代名砚专场”中,估价为80万-150万元的“吴昌硕铭、沈石友铭石破天惊端砚”以235万元成交;中国嘉德2010春拍“翦淞阁——文房清供”专场上,清康熙御制松花石龙马砚以425.6万元高价成交;北京保利2010春拍,清乾隆“乾隆御用”御题诗澄泥伏虎砚及紫檀盖盒以1400万元成交;2012年中国嘉德春拍中,一方清铭紫云砚估价150万-250万元,成交价高达586.5万元;2014年,一方梁金凌清明上河图砚成交价更是高达2200万元。

 

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