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图1 北宋航海铜镜

  航海镜,也叫海船镜,又叫船舶镜,在宋金时期比较流行,在全国很多地方都有发现。

图2 宋代航海铜镜

图3 宋代航海铜镜

图4 金代“煌丕昌天”海船纹铜镜

  图1是一枚北宋航海铜镜,国家一级文物,现藏于扶风县博物馆。此镜1972年出土于陕西扶风县城关镇下河村宋墓。此镜直径17.8厘米,重600克。八瓣菱花缘棱起。镜背半球形钮,钮面饰星云点。钮外有浮雕海上航船图案,纹样以流畅的细阴线表现起伏翻滚的波涛,一单桅杆帆船乘风破浪航行在大海波涛中。船头三人并立前望,船尾有艄公三人用力划着桨。船舱口探出几个人头,图案布局紧凑生动,看着画面使人似乎身临其境,俨然是一幅海上远航图。这面铜镜背面船帆上阴刻有铭文:“胡州仪凤桥南石家”。胡州,即今浙江湖州市,宋代制镜名家石姓在此地冶炼出品的铜镜流传各地。对于这面铜镜,有些学者认为它可能是对鉴真东渡日本传播佛教的生动写照,所以曾远赴日本参加精品文物展览。它对于研究宋代的航海情况和对外文化交流有重要的史料价值。

  图2所示这枚宋代航海铜镜,直径17.7厘米。“塞外的雪”及“容斋笔记”记载的图样。纹饰和图1几乎一模一样,但直径少0.1厘米,镜背半球形钮,钮面光素。这面铜镜船帆上的铭文比图1清晰一些。

  图3也是一枚宋代航海铜镜,直径18厘米。1984年11月27日,雅安市对岩乡群众在拓宽公路时发现了三座宋代石券残墓。从其中一座墓中清理出这面铜镜,当时考古人员看背面纹饰,就叫它“鱼龙戏舟”镜。这面铜镜和图1不同的地方在于,海浪中有卷云龙纹及跳跃的鲤鱼。它的船帆上只刻有押记符号。

  图4所示是中国国家博物馆收藏的金代“煌丕昌天”海船纹铜镜。此镜直径17.5、厚0.4厘米,八瓣菱花形,半球形钮,镜背浮雕一艘海船,在波涛汹涌的大海上航行,海浪的波峰和波谷落差较大,突出了波涛的汹涌。单桅帆高出人身体的数倍,衬托出海船的宏伟、大海的浩瀚。船身两侧有四道篷索从不同方向对桅杆加以固定。船身部分,只用两道简约线条,便将整个船身形象地勾勒出来。船头、船尾及船舱中的人物依稀可见,不是特别清晰。钮上方有四字铭“煌丕昌天”。全文寓意为“上苍保佑,天下兴盛”,铭文和铜镜纹饰相互呼应,希望保佑航海顺顺利利,毕竟航海远行是危险系数极高的活动。“煌丕昌天”下阴刻“临洮府录事司验记官”九字铭文。据《金史》卷二十六《地理志》记载,金设有临洮府,其治在甘肃岷县。因临洮府以邻“洮河”而得名。

 

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