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“休城胡开文”徽墨广告

 

  北京故宫博物院珍藏的碑形墨、断木形墨、亚形墨、宝瓶形墨、碑形墨、舌形墨等国宝级徽墨,均为安徽省古徽州休宁县的胡开文墨店制作的徽墨极品。人们发现一个奇怪的现象:这些明明都是休宁制作的徽墨,但是它们的墨侧阴文楷书,却全都不署“徽州休宁胡开文造”而署“徽州休城胡开文造”,这是为什么呢?

  研究发现:这些古墨之所以不署“休宁”而署“休城”,原来是因为这些国宝级徽墨全都是生产于某个特定历史时期,因出现了“犯讳”而只得采取“避讳”手段的缘故。封建社会的避讳,有“国讳”与“家讳”之说,就是在书写的时候,凡遇到应避的名讳,或缺笔或易字,说念之时也得改变原读音。这种避讳规定,在明清两代制墨的名品中出现的几率尤盛。墨店招牌上,不得有与当朝皇帝名字相同的犯讳的字;墨品铭文上,凡出现与当朝皇帝名字相犯讳的字,一律采取缺笔画、改动字、甚至于挖去犯讳字乃至于将墨毁坏等手段加以避讳。

  这些生产于安徽省休宁县的胡开文古墨,不署“休宁”而署“休城”,其实也是因为避讳而不得不改动文字的无奈之举。这是因为休宁胡开文墨店当年生产这些徽墨的时候,正值清朝道光皇帝期间,道光皇帝的名字叫作“旻宁”,执政时间为1821年到1851年,共计30年时间。因此,“徽州休宁胡开文造”的徽墨边款铭文,便与道光皇帝的“旻宁”相犯“宁”字之讳。于是,为避“宁“字之讳,休宁胡开文墨店在此期间生产的徽墨,便一律只能一改“休宁”为“休城”,署上“徽州休城胡开文造”的边款。

  与此相类似的,还有清代徽墨四大家之一的“曹素功”的“玄粟斋”的改名。“玄粟斋”,原是曹素功恢复明代吴叔大墨店原先使用的老店名,已经颇有些名气了。但是一进入清朝,这个店名便因为犯讳而不能再使用了,因为其中的“玄”字,正好与康熙皇帝的名字“玄烨”犯讳。于是,只得一改“玄粟斋”而为“艺粟斋”,才算改字避了讳。

  现在,古代徽墨上边当年遗留下的这种特定时期的“避讳”符号,已成为鉴赏专家对于古墨年代鉴别的一种较为实用的辨识手段,在古墨鉴别方面起到划分时代的作用,可谓歪打正着。如清代徽墨铭文中含有“玄”字的徽墨,如“九玄三极”“玄元灵气”等,凡是“玄”字缺笔、或“玄”字改成“元”字以避讳的,则必定或有可能是清康熙时期生产的徽墨,却绝对不会是清康熙之前的徽墨;同样,假如见到署有“徽州休城胡开文造”的古墨,那肯定不会是清道光之前的墨品,而只能是1821年之后生产的。此番须知,大抵是不会有错的。

 

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