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由炉、瓶、盒三件组合的一整套焚香用的器皿,即“炉瓶三事”

  古人对生活细节的要求可谓刻画入微,所谓“炉瓶三事”,笼统来讲无非是焚香的器具,但在凡事皆讲究的古代礼节中,是和“陆羽造茶具二十四事”一般的雅致细腻。焚香与品茗,是古人雅致生活中不可缺少的仪式,且漫漶成一组难解的玲珑,难舍难分,特别是到了明清两代,无论是演义小说、戏曲弹词,还是文人诗词、丹青画作,但凡有茶事的章节,必定少不了焚香的情趣。

  时至今日,相对于明清焚香成风的过往潇洒,炉瓶三事显得日渐凋零,清时仅紫禁城内外的北京人能够知晓其中意味,而对于外省人来说,不啻于天外来客。延至民国,国事糜烂,闲坐窗前听夜雨的闲散已风流云散,炉瓶三事更是日渐消弭,成为以讹传讹的佛教用品。历史便是这样,人们无法记住过往岁月中所有慷慨流丽的细节,“炉瓶三事”相对于“茶具二十四事”的命运即是如此。人们记住了茶事,记住了茶艺,记住了茶鼎、茶瓯、茶磨、茶碾、茶臼、茶瓢、茶匙等名目繁多流程繁琐的茶具,却忘记焚香,忘记了“炉瓶三事”,同样忘记了历史上的人们曾经袍袖厅堂里氤氲如梦的富丽与悠然。

  炉瓶三事,实际上是由炉、瓶、盒等三件组合的一整套焚香用的器皿,缺一不可,故称“三事”。正因为古人对香事活动的注重,用成套炉、瓶、盒三事的时尚也渐然兴起。焚香之余,对于炉瓶三事的讲究也是必要的。沉舟侧畔千帆过,有关炉瓶三事的起源已经无法考证,但自从宋代产生了隔火熏香之后,香炉则成为普通人家的必备用品。在佛事并不繁盛的宋代,香炉的作用并不是单纯祭拜宗教与先辈,更多的是宽袍大袖之间的熏香与厅堂楼阁中的焚香。自然,伴随隔火熏香与熏炉产生了配套的用具,即瓶、盒、铲等用品,久而久之,形成了特定的组合,即炉瓶三事。

  历史的车轮继续向前,产生于宋代的炉瓶三事在元代得到了延续,虽然没有更多的证据证明元代将其发扬光大,但粗犷的草原民族仍然乐于接受岁月静好现世安稳的缭绕香雾,因为熏香毕竟比狼烟好闻。无论怎样,我们在古玩遗存中见过各式各样的元青花鬲式炉、三足炉,好在,炉瓶三事没有因此而中断。元代古典戏剧《崔莺莺待月西厢记》中即有炉瓶三事的旖旎片段,张生夜读,崔莺莺前来焚香伴读,从一些图文本中不难看出崔莺莺侍弄炉瓶三事的细节,其所营造的温馨情调和醉人氛围长久不衰,至此也产生了一个千古读书人的共同念想:红袖添香夜读书。

  明代应该是炉瓶三事发扬光大的一个重要时期,抛开名闻天下的宣德炉不说,我们在明代士子所擅长的仕女画中经常可以看到炉瓶三事的身影。以美女之妖娆体态衬托熏香之纸醉金迷,固然是件美事。所以在这个时期,炉瓶三事已经为世人所接受,并且不局限于豪门巨族,即便是没有读书人的小康人家,焚香学风雅也是彰显门第的必备之物。

  爱新觉罗王朝是受汉文化影响至深的一个王朝,他们尊崇孔教,尊重汉人,特别是读书人,自然学会了汉代读书人的一切好习惯与臭秉性。炉瓶三事在清代中期达到了巅峰。无论是《红楼梦》:“这里贾母花厅上摆了十来席酒,每席傍边设一几,几上设炉瓶三事,焚着御赐百合宫香。”以贾府之富甲天下,炉瓶三事之流行可谓上行下效,蔚然成风,深入骨髓,流落纸间。再听市井“弹词”《再生缘》,“娶新人翁姑心乐”也说:“炉瓶三事茶几摆,汉铜宝鼎设中间,金银酒器调羹碟,茶杯象著玉杯盘。上边俱用红绳系,彩袱遮盘颜色鲜。”炉瓶三事也只有在这个时代,才像“茶具二十四事”一般真正进入中国人的血脉。

  炉瓶三事和茶事的繁琐规矩一样,摆设也有一定要求,一般中间放置香炉,香炉两边各置箸瓶、香盒。香炉为焚香之器,所焚之香,并不是今天这样成束的线香,而是香面或香条。故焚烧时须用铜箸与铜铲,箸瓶就是用来盛放箸铲的,香盒即是用作贮藏香面或香条的。若是焚线香,则不需要箸瓶、香盒这两种器物了。但好香多不制成线香,故箸瓶、香盒必定成为焚香所不可缺少的两件器物。

 

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