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朱元璋异形像(左)和正形像(右) 国博供图

  朱元璋到底长啥样?诸葛亮真人帅吗?李清照美不美?

  “妙合神形——中国国家博物馆藏明清肖像画展”刚刚在国博开幕。50余幅明清肖像画中,既有帝王将相,也有才子佳人,两幅相对而立的朱元璋正形像和异形像更是颇有趣味,不知观众会pick哪一个?

  正形像VS异形像 朱元璋为何相貌反差大

  亮相此次画展的《明太祖朱元璋正形像》来自晚清民国时期画家俞明所绘。在此图右下侧,有朱文方印“俞明恭摹”,此图的原本现藏台北故宫博物院,是朱元璋正形像中较为标准的画像,为其壮年形象。由此可见,朱元璋本身长相并无特异。

  而另一幅《明太祖朱元璋异形像》并无款识,从画风来看为明代作品,画中形象则颇符合民众印象中流传的朱元璋长相,即脸颊变形拉长,下巴向前凸出,脸上不同程度地布满黑痣,“凤眸龙头,黑痣盈面”,与正形像形成截然不同的反差。

  在16日的媒体场中,策展助理李文秋博士向记者介绍,在历代帝王中,明太祖朱元璋肖像是存世量较为丰富的,其相貌的反差也是最大的。在清人胡敬(1769—1845)的《南薰殿图像考》中,记载的朱元璋画像就有十二帧之多。在存世的朱元璋画像中,据不完全统计,在中国国家博物馆、台北故宫博物院就有十数件,而民间所藏者,也不在少数。

  同一个人的画像,竟有着如此天壤之别,这在中国历史上的确是极为罕见的。

  他认为,朱元璋异形像之所以流传很广,甚至在传世的朱元璋肖像中,无论各大博物馆,还是民间所藏,其异形像都以压倒性多数胜过正形像,主要原因在于容易满足普通民众对皇帝的神秘心理,再加上朱元璋本人对其异形像的推波助澜,因而自明代洪武年间直到清代,关于朱元璋的异形像就大行其道。但好在文献与画像俱在,仍可以判断出历史真相。

  国博藏明清肖像画千余幅 后续将不断整理

  此次画展共展出中国国家博物馆收藏的五十余件(套)展品,展览分为“帝王?皇族”“雅集?行乐”“名臣?名士?闺秀”和学者像传四个单元。

明 《赵匡胤画像轴》国博供图

  展览的策展人、中国国家博物馆副馆长刘万鸣表示,明清肖像画是中国国家博物馆书画收藏特色之一,馆藏数量多至近千件。今后将会不断发掘出更多展品以飨观众。

明 《诸葛亮立像轴》国博供图

  他介绍,明清两代的肖像画,写实和写意兼具,宫廷与民间并行,并受到外来文化的影响,出现了前所未有的兴盛期。而且明清时期在商品经济发展与社会思潮多元的大背景之下,肖像画不再是宫廷权贵与上层社会人物的专享,庶民人物也成为肖像画的主角。除宫廷画师专绘帝后、功臣、历代明贤肖像画外,应民间日渐增长的肖像画制作之需求,大量的民间肖像画家应运而生,同时也出现了不少职业画家。

清 《李清照像》国博供图

  此次展览中,无论从数量,还是质量上,名臣和名士都在明清肖像画中占据重要分量。名臣、名士肖像,既有朝服,也有便装;既有端庄的正面像,亦有随意的行迹图,具有膜拜、瞻仰与纪念的意义。展陈上为了呼应这些画作,还在现场布置了花翎、笏板等配套文物,并复原了一个明清风格的书房,纸墨笔砚俱全,清雅幽静,颇有意趣。

 

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