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清黄玉鹿首壶

  ——其中二级文物18件、三级文物42件

  近日,一场“玉润东方——明清仿古玉器展”亮相于山东省滕州市博物馆新馆负一楼展厅,共展出山东博物馆收藏的明清仿古玉器精品60件,其中国家二级文物18件,国家三级文物42件。观众可以通过欣赏这些精美的明清仿古玉器,一窥古人崇古尚玉的风雅意境。
  仿古玉的产生、发展不是偶然的。它是在我国封建时代皇家贵族、达官显宦和文人墨客玩赏古玩之风盛行时出现的,是仿古文玩中的一种。仿古玉最早起源于宋代。至元明,尤其到了晚明时代,古玩交易极为盛行,仿古玉制作也十分发达。到了清代,仿古玉的制造、销售、收藏、玩赏之风,较之明代更有过之而无不及。

  据了解,此次展览共分为“玉之源”“玉之美”和“玉之润”三个部分,展出的60件明清时期仿古玉器均为山东博物馆收藏的三级以上文物,质地上乘,雕艺精美。如其中的清代黄玉鹿首壶,通高11.8、长17、宽4.5厘米,是由一整块玉材雕刻而成。壶外圆雕一鹿首,长吻伏角,作负壶状。黄玉是极为珍贵的软玉品种。明代高濂在《遵生八笺》中就有“玉以甘黄为上,羊脂次之;黄为中色,且不易得,以白为偏色,时亦有之,故而令人贱黄而贵白,以见少也……”这无疑从一个侧面显示出上等黄玉出产较少,身价在羊脂白玉之上。色泽纯正的黄玉是玉材中最名贵的一种,材料极其难得。宋代到清代之间一直被皇家垄断。明末的士大夫阶层非常看重黄玉和白玉。在清代,由于“黄”与“皇”谐音,又极稀少,更是成为了皇家的至爱,特别是在乾隆年间,对于黄玉的追捧更是达到了前所未有的地步。

  仿古玉器的“仿”大多是以仿古为主,构成这一概念的因素有两个:一是延续传承,反映古代文化风貌;另一是模拟仿制,再加以当代特色,这两个因素使仿古玉器的魅力异彩纷呈。

  仿古玉器充分体现古代玉匠们的智慧、技巧和工力。玉匠们所追仿的“古”,是他们自己意识中的意境、趣味和格调,乃是玉匠、收藏家对前人创造的仰慕、憧憬和追求,其中渗透着新的意境与活力。“仿”中有变化,“仿”中有创造,仿古玉器既是传统玉器的继承,又同时具备当代玉器的风格,它与历史悠久的历代古玉交相辉映,共同构筑了中国辉煌的玉器历史。

  据介绍,此次展览将持续到6月15日。

清乾隆碧玉兽面纹匜

 

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