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大英博物馆的蒙克版画作品展抓住了蒙克艺术中创作神话的精髓,相比色彩,其画中的内容或形象更具普世性,能让画前的人们不禁发出“呐喊”。

蒙克在创作《呐喊》前,还画过一张结构类似的《绝望》。关于这个美术史上最具标志性的面孔,也是全球皆识的“焦虑”的标志,它还有属于自己的小黄脸emoji图标。大英博物馆博客结合展览梳理了几个小故事,解析《呐喊》背后的知识。

爱德华·蒙克,《绝望》,速写,作于1892年

蒙克于1892年创作了《绝望》(Despair),画面结构与之后的《呐喊》非常相似,展现了那一声“撕破大自然的呐喊”传来前蒙克孤独的心理状态。蒙克曾在日记中记录了这段经历:“我停了下来,感觉精疲力竭,靠在栏杆上……我的朋友继续前行,而我则站在那里焦虑的发抖”。蒙克的很多作品都反应了这段经历,其中《呐喊》最广为人知,并收录在蒙克的《生命的饰带》(The Frieze of Life)系列中,在1893年首次展出。

《呐喊》中的 人物 并不是在呐喊

1895年版画《呐喊》上的德文题字。

作品中在呐喊的并不是人物本身,而是周围的世界。蒙克在1895年版《呐喊》的底部印刷了一行德文:“我感到一声剧烈的呐喊穿破自然”。其实这幅作品原本的名字为《自然的呐喊》。

作品中的人物双手捂住耳朵,试图躲避周围传来的尖叫声。这个形象男女莫辨,毫无特征。蒙克想要表达的并不是一个特定的人物,他可以是芸芸众生的每一员。或许这正是这个形象可以成为焦虑标志风靡全球的原因。

《呐喊》与木乃伊

木乃伊,秘鲁查查波亚斯,公元9至15世纪。图为木乃伊在巴黎人类博物馆展出

那么蒙克创作《呐喊》的灵感又是来自哪里呢?其中人物扭曲的面孔以及紧捂双耳的姿态很可能是来自于这具双目深陷的秘鲁木乃伊。这件木乃伊曾于1889年在巴黎人类学博物馆展览过,或许给当时参观的蒙克留下了深刻的印象。

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