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  溥儒(1896—1963),初字仲衡,改字心畬,号西山逸士、西山居士、旧王孙、寒玉堂等,北京人。满族,恭亲王后裔,姓爱新觉罗,由光绪皇帝赐名溥儒。曾先后任教国立北平艺专、台湾师范大学等处,著有《四书五经集证》《毛诗经义集证》《尔雅释言》《寒玉堂论画》《寒玉堂文集》《凝碧馀音词集》《华林云叶》《碧湖集》等。1949年移居台湾。溥儒工山水,兼擅人物、花卉、走兽及书法。其山水画宗法宋元,用笔清秀,以淡雅见长,被誉为“国画北派青绿山水正宗首座”。

  溥儒《秋山访友图》轴(见图),纵32、横69厘米,现收藏于吉林省博物院。

  此画构图左虚右实,高处青山秀雅,植被葳蕤,蓝天疏阔;中部雾霭氤氲,山岩峭立,古木参天,溪水环抱,下流成湖;下部近景平坡浅渚,大片空白自然而形成浩淼湖面,湖上烟波渺渺,环绕山崖而下,一直延伸到近处。湖边平坡之上,几株松柏参天而立,枝叶繁茂,蓊郁间已见泛黄,秋意浓浓,掩映着一处草庐民茅舍,房中寂寂,空无一人。一座没有护栏的简陋小木桥搭建在水上,此时,一名手执竹杖的白衣人正踏过小桥,不顾身后的枫叶美景和眼前旖旎的山水风光,急匆匆赶往近在咫尺的草庐,俨然对很快将与好友相聚充满期待,虽然不见人物的正面刻画,但从其手中的长杖来看,应该是一位上了年纪的老者。

  看到此景,不禁令人想起唐代诗人贾岛的一首《寻隐者不遇》:“松下问童子,言师采药去。只在此山中,云深不知处。”对来访者可能的不遇隐隐有些担心。

  画幅左上方空白处题有一首七言诗:“一路枫林一路霜,远山如黛近山黄。何当九月重阳后,为访幽人到草堂。”诗后款识:“戊子秋八月湖上雨晴,山光凝翠,残荷浥露,远处烟,晓窗寂静,偶成此幅,适嘉榞先生来,遂以为赠。西山逸士溥儒识。”钤“溥儒之印”“心畬”“省心斋”“羲皇上人”“荒寒”等印。

  戊子年为民国三十七年(1948),此画为作者52岁时所绘。

  这件作品的画面立意高远,布局疏密有致,山势、草庐均只截取一部分呈现,而左侧却大片留白,自然形成浩淼湖面,突出了作者取景时所独具的匠心。

  画面中,人物比例虽小,却刻画细腻生动,通过收起长杖、身体微微前倾等细部刻画,勾勒出来访者即将与友人相聚的喜悦和激动之情。古人重友情,将寻访挚友、相聚言欢当作一件高雅的事情来做。在交通不便的情况下,常常靠泛舟江河、徒步跋涉来达到访友的目的,尤其是寻访那些栖居于山野之中的高士隐者,需要付出很大的代价,即使是风雪交加的三九隆冬气候,也挡不住古人虔心访友的意志和脚步,在留下许多访友诗咏佳话的同时,亦给古代画家提供了宝贵的访友绘画题材,如五代末宋初画家石恪、宋代理工林、明代画家陈洪绶等众多画家笔下同一题材的《虎溪三笑图》,就是出自东晋陶渊明、陆修静同访庐山东林寺名僧慧远的著名的访友典故。中国近代海上画派名家顾沄的《策杖访友图》轴,亦很好地诠释了古人访友的真挚情怀。

  溥儒布衣一生,恪守有清以来之正统文人画风,追求山林野趣的隐者生活,所绘作品中不乏溪涧观瀑、山间访友、山间读书、水阁观书、溪岸垂钓的生动场景。古时多隐者高士,看破世事红尘,不争功名利禄,高卧山林作逍遥游,来往的多是情趣相投的挚友,不避山高水长,不惧严寒酷暑,烹茗煮茶,诗酒酬唱,不胜欢洽。由于隐者多遁世避居,故画家笔下的访友画面,都离不开山林、雪原、溪流、茅舍等环境,清旷悠远,令人神往。

 

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