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  在中国近代书法史上,能写得一手瘦削遒劲、秀韵独具的瘦金体书法者,民国时期的女书法家吴芝瑛当推佼佼者。相传,她写的《楞严经》,曾受到慈禧太后的大加赞赏,并亲自召见,得到赏赐。

  吴芝瑛(1868—1934),字紫英,号万柳夫人,祖籍安徽桐城。她出身名门望族,父吴康,曾任山东郓县信阳县令,工书善诗。叔父吴汝纶,乃桐城派著名文学家,曾任京师大学堂总教习,人称曾门(曾国藩)四大弟子之一。吴芝瑛幼时聪慧无比,及长博览群书,尤嗜唐、宋诸大家诗文和名家法帖,幼年随父读书,传承家学,工文章,娴诗词,更擅瘦金体书法,早年便负有“诗、文、书”三绝之美誉。

  吴芝瑛19岁远嫁无锡,与廉泉结婚,后随夫移居北京。吴芝瑛寓京期间,继续刻苦钻研传统书法和诗文,大有提高;嗣后在京结识了不少革命党人,会晤孙中山先生,深受其革命思想熏陶,新识大开,并与反清女侠秋瑾结为盟姐妹,并资助秋瑾从事革命活动。光绪三十年(1904)秋瑾去日本时,临行时吴芝瑛特地在北京陶然亭为其饯行,席间,并挥笔作擘窠书一联以赠。联云:“驹隙光阴,聚无一载;风流云散,天各一方。”辛亥革命期间,吴芝瑛慷慨疏财,资助起义军,赈救苏皖地区灾民。民国五年(1916)袁世凯复辟帝制,吴芝瑛愤慨万分,给袁世凯写万言书,痛斥其篡国夺权,违背民意,罪该万死。吴芝瑛晚年多病,民国二十三年(1934)3月1日因病与世长辞。

  这里来介绍一下吴芝瑛的一副瘦金体书法对联(见图)。作品纸质红宣,瘦金体,上联文“超迹绝尘纲”五字,下联文“濯翼陵高梯”五字。落款为“戊申天中节桐城吴芝瑛”,下钤两方朱红印章。据考,该对联写作时间“戊申”应为光绪三十四年,即1908年端午节时所作,也就是说是她中年的作品。至于联文”超迹绝尘纲”句是取自南朝江淹《杂体诗效许询自叙》诗:“五难既洒落,超迹绝尘纲。”“超迹”亦作高超的行迹,晋王涣之《兰亭》诗:“超迹修独往,真臭齐古今。”“绝尘”指脚不沾尘土,形容奔驰神速。《庄子田子方》:“夫子奔逸绝尘,而回同堂者于后矣。”即古人远行骑马,快马加鞭,马蹄飞尘灰起,不见骑影,故曰一路绝尘。这句联文意思就是说为人做事要积极而有超前意识。“濯翼陵高梯”联句取自《侍五官中郎将建章台集诗》“欲因云雨会,濯翼陵高梯”句,“濯翼”即洗涤之意,《诗经·大雅》:“绵绵翼翼,不测不克,濯征徐国”。汉嵇康《五言诗》中有“俗人不可亲,松桥是可怜,何谓秽浊间,动摇增垢尘……濯翼扶桑中。”“高梯”喻尊位也。该句联文意思就是为民当官要清正廉洁。

  瘦金体是宋徽宗赵佶创造的一种书体,有一种仙风道骨、清新自然、悠远静穆的意境。瘦金书也有“鹤体”的雅称,是楷书的一种。其特点是瘦直挺拔,横划收笔带钩,竖划收笔带点,撇如匕首,捺如切刀,竖钩细长,有些连笔字像游丝行空,接近行书。该联瘦金体书法其用笔源于褚、薛,写得更为瘦劲,结体笔势取黄庭坚大字楷书,舒展劲挺。其运笔飘忽快捷,笔迹瘦劲,至瘦而不失其肉,转折处可见藏锋,风格独特,正如有人推崇吴芝瑛的瘦金体对联书法“笔法遒劲,意度天成,非可陈迹求也”。

 

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