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  俗话说:“浪子回头金不换。”我国古代名士周处幡然醒悟、杀虎斩蛟、改邪归正的历史故事,流传迄今仍为不少民众尤其是青少年津津乐道,而且亦时常成为画家笔下的表现题材之一。

  据南朝《世说新语》、唐代《晋书》等载:周处乃三国时期东吴鄱阳太守周鲂之子,其字子隐,义兴阳羡(今江苏宜兴)人。少年失教的他“凶强侠气”,横行乡里,无恶不作,颇令当地民众不安。乡人遂将其与“南山白额猛兽(虎)、长桥下蛟(龙)”,并称为“三害”。周处得知后十分羞愧,开始悔悟自责,决意弃恶从良。他先是“入山求虎射杀之”,将凶猛的老虎头砍下来悬挂于乡里示众;接着又投身水中搏杀蛟龙,“行数十里”,经过三天三夜的拼死努力,最终一举为民除害,故而令人刮目相看。周处从此笃志读书,苦练武艺,曾任东吴东观左丞,西晋新平太守、御史中丞、建威将军等,终于成为一代“忠臣孝子”。他后来受命亲率五千晋兵征讨齐万年的七万强敌,不幸战死疆场为国捐躯,朝廷谥号“孝侯”。昔人曾以“不死东吴死西晋,城南可惜孝侯台”等诗云,为之深表惋惜。民国画家马骀(1880—1938)因此亦创作了一幅《周处斩蛟》画轴(纸本设色,纵178、横95厘米)(见图),再现周处斩杀蛟龙的激烈场景。

  马骀字子骧,号环中子、邛池渔父,清代光绪十二年(1886)五月十七日生于宁远府西昌县(今属四川)一个回族世家。自幼聪颖好学、尤崇丹青,由于家境贫苦而辍学,16岁起师从当地画家周开鉴(名“镜塘”)三年,因受之影响较大故取字“企周”(注:寓意“企慕与感恩周开鉴”)。马骀后来漂泊至成都等地谋生,尝赴西南、东南、西北等地观山涉水,体察社会。期间坚持自学奋进、写生创作,艺术视野大开。20世纪20年代初寓居沪上,拜至书坛耆宿曾熙门下,又受聘担任上海美专教授,与张善孖、黄宾虹、刘海粟、俞剑华等人相互交往,并参与海上题襟馆金石书画会等活动,个人绘事受益不浅。随着技艺日臻,马骀画名渐隆,所作先后赴日本、英国、巴拿马等地参展。性情豁达豪爽的马骀为人正直、嫉恶如仇,1931年抗战开始后坚持以画笔为刀枪,投身到唤起百姓觉醒的民族救亡运动中,积极参与书画义卖、捐款支援抗战事业。1937年日军进攻上海,马骀因独生子死于日机轰炸、家中又旋遭抢劫,致使忧愤成疾,次年1月逝世于沪上法租界西门路寓所。

  马骀山水、人物、花卉画俱能,在丹青方面坚持外师造化、内得心源,尤喜北派山水画格,而且用功甚多,于花鸟则得郑板桥、赵之谦、吴昌硕等名家影响。平时亦喜写生、漫画等,所作大多构图严整,长于渲染,往往水、墨、色浑然一体,意境沉雄秀雅,韵味隽永绵长,主要作品有《秋山溪声图》《木兰从军图》《米颠拜石》《临危不惧,勇冠三军》和《五伦图》等。他亦是一位美术理论家和教育家,毕生著有《四言画诀》《马骀画诀大全》《马骀画问》和《企周画集》等。其中《马骀画宝》风靡多时且流传较广,颇受初学者青睐追崇。近代书论家康有为尝赞其画艺“凤毛麟角”,恩师曾熙亦赠联云:“其才诚画苑博士;以齿长吾门诸生。”绘画大家黄宾虹在《马骀画宝》再版本序中评述:“马君企周,画宗南北,艺擅文词,众善兼该,各各精妙。”近代名人田桐则在《马骀画问》卷首诗叹:“大江南北一游人,天外昂头自在身。收拾烟云洗兵甲,书生胸臆有经纶。”

  通过帘前的马骀这幅《周处斩蛟》可见,体格健壮的周处正怒目而视、发出一阵阵的吼声,其右手执着泛起刺骨寒光的利剑,半裸赤足欲再扑入水中拼命搏斗,呈现出一派猛士风范。从山谷远处流来河水冲击拍打着近处的礁石、水岸,激起汹涌的浪花,而负隅顽抗的长长蛟龙则继续兴风作浪,企图作垂死挣扎。周处身后绝壁陡直、苍树高耸,看来已经别无退路了……画家此刻旨在烘托周处勇猛顽强之势,以及与蛟龙鏖战时的惊心动魄气氛。该图右上侧题有作者的行草款识:“周处斩蛟。己巳(1929)冬十月朔(注:即农历十月初一),企周马骀画。”随后钤有阴文“邛池渔父”、阳文“马骀画记”鉴印各一枚;左下角则另钤一方“一粟浮家”阴文闲章,藉以起到画面平整作用。

  马骀在该图创作中通过概括、提炼和升华等手法,紧紧抓住典型环境中的描绘对象意态,构图层次分明、远近呼应,笔墨苍润有致,勾写皴擦自如,浓淡枯湿相宜。整幅画面以水墨为主,略施石青、浅赭等色彩,赋色清秀淡雅,造型准确生动,人物神采焕然。诸如岩石、岸坡以及浪花等表现,更多地带有宋贤遗风,而远处山中的轻霭淡染则似有元人笔意。尤其周处炯炯有神的双眼、缜密的须发、矫健的肌肉、传神的动作姿态,还有那熠熠闪亮的剑光、张牙舞爪的水中蛟龙等,堪称情境交融、栩栩如生,不愧为作者富于匡正压邪的情感宣泄。而周处面首、躯体、四肢等部位明暗凸凹的笔墨表现,则明显地借鉴了某些西方人体解剖学知识和西画写实技法,从一个侧面揭示了近代“西风东渐”对华夏艺坛所产生的冲击和影响力。

  这幅《周处斩蛟》画轴通过图像演绎历史故事,不仅令人产生思古情怀,且也较好地展现了马骀融西于中的高超艺术本领,世人从中仍可一窥这位昔日海派名家的丹青风采和审美韵味。

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