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  人物生动有致 山石玲珑剔透

  新乡市博物馆收藏的这幅清代袁江《琵琶行诗意图》轴(见图),为国家一级文物,绢本,纵118、横45厘米,左上角袁江题“用马和之法拟琵琶行意”,下有方形印信两枚,上朱文:“文涛”,下白文:“袁江之印”。

  袁江(1662—1735),字文涛,江苏江都县人,善界画,长于山水楼阁,精湛绚丽,能粗能细,后期多画古代宫苑图。袁江画风在当时颇有影响,因之形成了一个流派,故世有“袁派”画风之说。袁派绘画:在章法气局方面,讲求开合与近中远三度空间的表现,继承了唐宋时期的全景画法,具有迹简意繁和景少气壮的效果;在笔墨运用方面,层次清晰,远近分明,墨色互用,人物造型比例适度,举止动静适宜,以及内在情感的表现,都十分确切动人,画山石,玲珑剔透,气局广阔,给人以“人在画中”之感。

  袁江《琵琶行诗意图》轴,画面中首先映入人们眼帘的情景是:江干水浦,古木槎桠,风清月白,水波不兴,蒹陵苍苍,白露横江,远山惨淡,蟾影孤高,一派秋凉如水的夜色。这就是真实地刻画出了“浔阳江头夜送客,枫叶荻花秋瑟瑟”的意境。山水画里的人物,原为点景,居于画的从属地位,然而在这幅画里,人物、舟船、鞍马却显得格外重要。由于故事情节关系,规定了每个人的身份地位,故衣着服饰、举止动静以及景物安排,都必须服从特定环境的需要。首先是依据故事情节确定主题,再做恰如其分的描绘,所谓“情至文生”,始能画出统一和谐、生动有致的效果,表现出送客的时间和空间、地点与场合。正如诗中重点描述的那样,送客到了江干,主人下了马,客人上了船,移舟相近邀相见,千呼万唤,犹抱琵琶半遮面,始相见,添洒回镫重开宴;拨弦增弹,悠扬幽咽,凄切哀怨,感人心弦;天涯沦落有同感!“江州司马泪湿青衫”。诗中咏的是商妇抱琵琶,写的是琵琶声调,说的是商妇身世,而着眼点却在“同是天涯沦落人”之句,表现的是“相似无言胜有言”。邂逅相逢,同具哀怨的实质场合。这就描绘出了“感斯人言,是夕觉有迁谪之意”,也是诗歌作者白居易的基本思想,因作长歌赠之。所谓“诗者画之意,画者诗之形”,回味全诗,使人感到这幅作品不仅是一幅美丽的山水画,又是一首瑰丽的诗篇,可观赏又可玩味。

  这幅画具有南宋画家马和之笔意,不仅保存了前人的技法遗意,同时又抒发了个人的艺术特色,因此对文物的保护和传统技法的研究,就富有意义了。

 

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