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罗聘指画《墨梅图》  

  梅花以“不与繁花争奇艳,傲霜斗雪笑风寒”的品格,深得文人画家垂青。在宋以前的美术史上,梅或作为人物画的衬景,或与花草禽鸟杂处,并未成为独立的画科,及至北宋衡州华光寺僧人释仲仁首创墨梅画法以来,梅才逐渐发展成一种绘画门类,受到重视。古今画梅者众,罗聘笔调不俗,为笔者偏爱。

罗聘指画《墨兰》册

  罗聘(1733—1799),字遯夫,号两峰,别号花之寺僧、金牛山人、衣运道人、蓼州渔父、师莲老人等,祖籍安徽歙县,定居江苏扬州。平生好游历,命运堪苦,秉性放浪不羁。罗聘24岁拜书画名家金农为师,学诗习画,其天资聪颖,思致渊雅,以人物画像为主,兼工山水、蔬果、禽兽、佛像、鬼魅,无所不能,且风格独特。金农评弟子曰:“笔端聪明,无毫末之舛。”世人称其“五分人才,五分鬼才。”在后人认定“扬州八怪”的多种版本中,罗聘皆列位其中,可知其重要性。

  罗聘指画墨梅图(图1),见于美国弗利尔美术馆藏《花鸟山水册》中。画款题识曰:“昔人描窗间影成梅花,予今以指蘸墨成之,又似窗间梅影也。”所谓“昔人描窗间影成梅花”,涉及梅花画史,典出元代画家王冕《梅谱》这段记载:

  “夫梅,始自华光仁老。宋朝哲宗时,僧住衡山华光寺,老僧酷爱梅,唯所居方丈室屋边亦植数本。每花发时,辄床据于其下,吟咏终日,人莫能知其意。月夜未寝,见疏影横于其纸窗,萧然可爱,遂以笔戏摹其影,凌晨视之,殊有月夜之思。因此,学画而得其无诤三昧,名播于世。”

  受释仲仁摹影画梅的启发,罗聘指画墨梅,构图,枝分左右,横斜上下,刚柔相和,疏密有致;用墨,干湿有别,浓淡相宜,阴阳相应;感觉,宛如窗间梅影,姿态婀娜,气象清致,似有暗香浮动。

  罗聘指画的题材主要有两类:多见册页蔬果花卉,偶有纨扇仕女人物,国内博物馆藏有《罗聘指画杂画》《罗聘指画花果图》《罗聘指画果蔬花卉》《罗聘指画西瓜图》《罗聘指画纨扇徘徊图》《罗聘指画唐人诗意》等作品。指画相传为唐代画家张藻首创,唐人张彦远《历代名画记》中,有“手摸绢素”一语,被揣测或许与指画有关,然无画迹可考识,只存一说而已。

  有实例可证、被画界公认的,指画乃由北方铁岭人高其佩(1672—1734)所创。指画这种艺术形式,指、甲、拳、掌并用,随机而变,自有别趣。指画水墨,控制要求高、难度大,无笔墨功底者不易掌握。在写意造型上,高凤翰认为:“指画有二病,一病太似,刻画板滞以求工。一病太不似,任意涂鸦,墨堆轮囷,略无伦脊。”妙在似与不似之间。罗聘指画墨梅图,形、意分寸的把握,不失国画之矩度,甲肉合理巧用,真可谓“信手拈来自有神”。

  罗聘画梅多继承金农技法,笔墨纯熟,能为先生代笔,几可乱真。但也有自我格调的张扬,独写新面,譬如这帧即兴而作的指画墨梅图,便不拘泥于其师之范式,意韵生动,托物抒怀。

  还见艺术品拍卖市场拍卖过罗聘的指画《墨兰》册(图2),水墨纸本,这件作品在保利香港2016秋拍会获价29.5万港元。

 

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