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  台北故宫的一幅怪画,300多年来引发无数争议,主要是因为有三大疑问:一是画家为什么要把一只老虎画成夹着尾巴的丧家犬模样?二是画的名称为什么叫《峰虎图》?三是这样的画为何还能成为传世的经典之作,入藏故宫?

  先来看看这幅画:

  上面就是这幅怪画的局部图,一只老虎,瘦骨嶙峋,身体蜷缩着,眼神中流露出一副极其恐惧的样子!

  老虎怎么画成了这个样子呢?

  注意右上角,一只山里的野峰!

  原来昔日威风凛凛的山大王误入野蜂的领地,被蛰得无力招架叫苦不迭,只能夹着尾巴无奈地挠脸门了,一副狼狈相跃然纸上。

  堂堂百兽之王——一只大虫,竟然被一只小虫吓蔫了!

  谁说老虎只有威风的一面呢?

  世界上万事万物,相生相克,一物降一物!就是自诩为“万物灵长”的人,也别太忘乎所以了!

  这幅怪画的作者是清代杰出的绘画大家华喦(yán)。华喦(1682~1756),字德嵩,更字秋岳,号白沙道人、新罗山人、东园生、布衣生、离垢居士等,老年自喻“飘篷者”。工画人物、山水、花鸟、草虫,写动物尤佳。善书,能诗,时称“诗、书、画三绝”,扬州画派的代表人物之一。

  华喦把一只猛虎画成恐惧可怜的模样,或许与其自身的经历有关。

清 华喦《天山积雪图》轴 纸本设色 159.1×52.8CM 北京故宫博物院藏

  华喦自幼酷爱绘画,后因家贫失学,备受世俗冷落。康熙四十二年(1703),华氏家族重建祠堂,乡绅看不起他替正厅画壁画,群起反对,最后华喦只得偷偷进入祠堂,画上“高山云鹤”、“水国浮牛”、“青松悬崖”和“倚马题诗”四幅画,愤而离乡飘泊,流寓于杭州。在这里,华喦迎来了人生中的一线曙光。虽然他性格内向、不善言辞,但凭借一手好画和诗文才华,很快便在杭州立住了脚。

  36岁时,华喦曾北上入都,但并不得意,据戴熙《习苦斋画絮》载:“华秋岳自奇其画,游京师无问者。一日有售赝画者,其裹华笔也,华见而太息出都。” 虽才华卓然,但很多人并不喜欢华喦内向的性格,所以他在京城又遭到了种种冷遇。除内向之外,华喦还有些冷傲自负,又不喜欢逢迎拍马,所以只好将所作之画低价卖给京城的古玩字画店。

清 华喦 《自画像图》轴 纸本设色 130.5×50.7CM 北京故宫博物院藏

  中晚年的华喦一直频繁往来于杭州、扬州,以卖画为生。1756年,华喦在贫病交加中离世,享年74岁。

  我们再回到这幅《峰虎图》来看,从对这只老虎的形象描绘来说,一眼就能看出华喦深厚的艺术造诣和精妙的捕捉能力,画中的这只“山中之王”被右上角的这只大野蜂蛰后,看起来像是一只“大型病猫”。

  但《峰虎图》也并非只是画一只奇怪的老虎这么简单,华喦从幼年到老,经历了被同乡排斥、颠沛流离、怀才不遇、京城遇阻、一生贫困潦倒等种种不幸遭遇,他把自己一生的坎坷遭遇和满腔的感怀全都画进了画里,于是才有了这幅极为生动的《峰虎图》。

  为何取名《峰虎图》?

  寓意有二:其一是山中老虎蜷缩的身体如山峰,其二则是那只小小的山野之蜂。一“峰”两意,妙哉!

  至于为何会入藏台北故宫,成为传世的经典,或许是因为它的独一无二。

  在大多数人的认知里,老虎是一种很凶猛的动物,“森林之王”的称号它当之无愧,但在华喦的笔下,它却垂头丧气,成了山野之蜂的“手下败将”,眼里还充满了恐惧与无助,完全失去了霸主的姿态。这样的描绘虽和传统画作有些“格格不入”,但华喦可以观察到一般人发现不了的场景,还能惟妙惟肖地画出来,确实不是普通人能达到的水平,因此成就了这份独一无二的经典。

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