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文/蒋兆和

  一个有作画经验的人,没有废笔而灵便自如,看起来很简单,但又形神兼肖呼之欲出,这是由于他既能把握整个形象,又抓住自已真实的”感觉”。我们要克服作画中困难的各个方面,首先必须加强对形象的认识和彻底的理解。作画的重要条件在于”得心”,这就是说主观与客观两个方面的统一产生自已的思想意识,这种思想意识取决于对客观形象的正确理解。只有认清了对象,才能有把握去控制对象,不为对象一切表面的光色体面等复杂现象忙乱了手脚。中国造型艺术的主导思想,所谓”外师造化,中得心源”,”心”即指的是画家的思想。来源于什么呢?

传神是一种科学的艺术
叶浅予《粗犷泼辣》

  即是”知彼”。”中得”用今天的话说,就是在作画时常常提到所谓”感觉”或”感受”。感,是由”彼”引起的,觉和受是”己”的知意。主观客观的统一是运用造型技法规律的条件。要特别重视技法的使用规律, 在使用一笔一墨时,必须集中精力解决造型上的一个个关键问题。这好象战争中攻克一个个堡垒一样。,造型艺术有很多个堡垒,其中最主要的我认力有三个:一形体,二精神;三笔墨。

传神是一种科学的艺术
黄胄 《新疆舞》

  所谓”以形写神”的原则,是一个战略指导思想,它要我们先得形以出神,形不立则神不显,形不正神难全。所以首先要解决如何正确塑造形体的问题。为了攻破形体这一关,开始作画必须”有准有则”,即要认真掌握科学的方法去画准形象。如准确地画出形象,就已经为夺取精神准备了条件,就有可能深入加工,”尽精刻微”地捕捉形象的精神,因为精神是隐藏在整个形体之中的。但是要真正攻破它,又必须锻炼笔法墨法这一武器,如果用之不当,仍是不能完成任务的。

  所以造型中的三个堡垒,都需要用具体的战术去攻克它,就如战争中需要集中优势兵力击破一个又一个的堡垒而取得最后的胜利一样。

传神是一种科学的艺术
蒋兆和 《知音识曲》

  造型中的三个堡垒如果不各个击破,在初学阶段是很困难的。但是各个击破并不等于将三个堡会孤立起来看,因为造型过程实际就是作画的步骤,而作画的步骤,是始终在造型的战略思想指导下进行的。

  造型规律的艺术性没有结合认识形象的思想性,就要遭到失败。整个形体与局部的结构不正确,笔触之间的轻重虚实不协调,精神特征不能充分突出,其原因就在于分析形象没有作到真”知”。下笔时没有中心思想指导,纵然聚精会神,也等于是打无把握之仗。

传神是一种科学的艺术
丰子恺《过新年》 镜心 纸本

  总之,传神是一种科学的艺术,不是不可捉摸,关键在于作者是否采取实事求是的态度。比如说神要通过形来体现,你却偏偏不重视形的描写,只想从主观愿望出发,将神这个东西悬挂在你的理想之中,不但别人看不见,甚至自己也摸不着头脑。如果在形象表面的比例角度结构解剖等方面钻来钻去,忽视对形象内在的思想活动和你所感觉到的精神特征进行分析联系,则仍然是死而无神的东西。原因就在于你没有把两者结合起来,加以艺术概括, 形成统一的指导思想。

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