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清冷枚《春夜宴桃李园图》  

  台北故宫博物院所收藏的历代书画作品数量甚为庞大,其中以反映古代文人雅集活动为主题的书画作品也题材多样、甚为丰富。本期让我们通过品赏历代名家妙笔绘画的各种文人雅集图,感受古人雅集的魅力以及这些活动为文化带来的生命力。

传宋刘松年《西园雅集图》

 

元黄公望《九珠峰翠图》

宋《谢安赌墅图》

传宋人《十八学士图》

  中国历史上流传许多脍炙人口的晋唐名士的逸事,多是后人对于这些风流人物想象的典型,例如七步成诗、东山丝竹、李白与《清平调》等。这些精彩的故事,围绕着琴、棋、书、画等活动,里头不仅展现个人的文艺素养,也是文士交往的模式,在诗文唱和与觥筹交错之际,塑造独具魅力的风雅形象。本单元即以晋唐名流的故事,作为观看古人雅集的起点。

  《谢安赌墅图》缂丝以“淝水之战”为背景,描绘东晋谢安(320—385)面对前秦苻坚率百万大军压境时,从容地与侄子谢玄下棋,同时掌握战况、运筹帷幄的故事。画面中以二人对弈为中心,周边陈设湖石、屏风、盆栽与珍禽异草,一同衬托出别墅空间的奢华高雅感。只见着黑衣的谢玄甫下完棋子,一旁的信使便传来前线捷报,谢安则满怀自信以二指夹起棋子,准备迎接此局的胜利。虽然本幅缂丝在制作技巧与人物表现上带有晚期因子,不似宋代作品,但是对于故事细节有详细着墨,或许有古老的图像版本作为依据。

  相较于谢安的气定神闲、谈笑用兵,若谈到东晋名士的任性而为,则可以王徽之(338—386)的故事为代表。《世说新语》中记载,某日雪夜,梦醒的王徽之坐起独饮,突然见到屋外皎白月色,因而萌生拜访好朋友戴逵(331—396)的兴致,便命仆人驱舟前往,到了友人门前却转身离去,留下“乘兴而行,兴尽而返”的名句。周文靖《雪夜访戴》,以半边构图描绘在广阔的山林间,王徽之不畏冬夜大雪纷飞,乘着小舟划破深夜宁静,欲前往拜访挚友,凸显其随兴所至的雅趣。值得留意的是,画中山石虽运用南宋马远、夏圭传统的斧劈皴法,但皴法用笔较为简略,或许是因此画以雪夜为主题,为了表现积雪覆盖的光亮效果而刻意调整。此画无论是在叙事还是表现上,皆堪称明代宫廷人物故事画的代表作。

  冷枚《春夜宴桃李园图》则取材自唐代“诗仙”李白(701—762)脍炙人口的《春夜宴桃李园序》,记述李白与从弟于桃李花盛开的园苑里夜宴游乐、吟诗喝酒的情景,文中除了感叹光阴流逝,更勉人把握良辰美景,及时行乐。此画对呈现宴席中热闹欢愉的气氛有极大兴趣,画中身着华服的文士、女眷围绕着纹理瑰丽的桌子活动:文士们有人对饮,有人提笔疾书,还有人斜倚在树旁沉思;而女眷则或逗着小狗,或尽情享用点心。这场宴会气氛热烈,一直持续到夜深,挂在树上罩着丝布的灯笼掀起一角,暗示这是个微风吹拂、舒适宜人的夜晚。冷枚为清康熙、乾隆朝宫廷画家,擅画人物与宫苑景色。这件作品颜色浓丽,工整严谨,为清宫绘画细腻华美风格的典型代表。

  陈继儒书《西园雅集图记》为文人雅集风潮下的产物。陈继儒(1558—1639)的这篇题记,书写于1619年的中秋,用以纪念与友人共游赏月的活动。充分表达了对西园雅集的向往之情,字里行间也透露对《西园雅集图》与图记的高度评价。

  在当下,庆生会是再寻常不过的活动,然而在古代并非如此。一直到魏晋时期,因佛教传入的影响,生日才开始受到重视,并且除了少数个人,一般都是帝王和宗教人物才会成为祝寿活动的对象。在清代,也出现以纪念文化偶像之名,在其诞辰举办活动的雅集,其中最著名的例子,就是以苏轼为主角的“寿苏会”。

  “十八学士”的题材随着时代的推进而形成多种样貌,从功臣图模式到宋元以后雅集化的表现,图绘的文化意义也随之改变。如张廷彦画《登瀛洲图》,所绘主题亦是十八位学士,然而此画无论构图、人物尺寸与从事活动皆异于明代以来常见形式,采“之”字形构图,并依循远近,以合理比例安排景物大小;学士散置于园苑中,以谈论典籍取代琴棋书画活动,可视为清乾隆朝对故实新解之作。(据台北故宫博物院官网)

 

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