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刘松年《四景山水图》之《秋景图》

 

  书画艺术发展到宋代,十分繁荣,宋朝宫廷中还建立了完整周密的画院制度,院体绘画正是在宋代走向成熟。

  院体绘画的显著特征是写实,无论笔墨、构图还是造型都强调形与意的真实表现。南宋四大家李唐、刘松年、马远、夏圭都是代表性人物。

  刘松年,号清波,浙江金华人。工山水人物,画风笔精墨妙,水墨青绿兼工,着色妍丽典雅,而《四景山水图》正是刘松年的代表作之一。

  《四景山水图》是一组绢本设色画,由四幅画组成,分别绘制了春、夏、秋、冬四景。其中的第一幅是《踏青图》,图中春花烂漫,杨柳葱翠,远山迷朦,给人以春意盎然、心情舒展的美好感受。堤头二人牵马携盒走向小桥,像是春游归来的样子,而过了小桥的庭院门口,童仆们正在忙碌着。

  第二幅是《纳凉图》。图中夏木浓阴,碧荷点点,湖边庭院前花木丛生,并以湖石点缀,水阁伸向湖中,主人则端坐于庭院纳凉观景。

  第三幅是《秋景图》(见图)。图中老树经霜,庭院以树石围墙,还有小桥曲径通幽,似乎与外部湖山景观相隔离,仿佛有挡秋之意。庭中一老者独坐养神,有侍童汲水煮茶,一派闲情逸趣。

  最后一幅是《赏雪图》。图中山裹银装,地面和屋顶都铺满积雪,而远山近石,万籁俱寂,显得一片苍茫。湖边的四合院旁,高松挺拔,小桥上一老翁在侍者的导引下骑驴张伞,似乎是去踏雪寻梅、寻诗觅句。

  《四景山水图》全卷以精致笔法描绘出南宋士大夫优裕闲适的生活,画中背景有山有水,山石多用小斧劈皴,笔墨苍逸劲健,行笔设色严谨,构图疏密有致,画面感不会雷同。整组作品风格古朴却又不失高雅,季节渲染得体,创造了对应不同季节特征的不同意境,极富南宋画院作品的特色。

  此外,刘松年擅长于画界画,在《四景山水图》中,各幅图画中的庭院建筑规模皆不小,且位置都在近处,占有较大比重,画里的庭院楼台工整精巧,或富丽,或古朴,人物虽小却形神完备。这也说明刘松年的立意不仅仅是描绘四季的风光,更在于突出人物与自然的和谐关系。

  刘松年善于构建画面氛围,能够寄情于画,用画作体现情怀,表现了人文关怀的现实意义,极大地拓展了写实绘画的现实主义内涵。

  在《四景山水图》画后,有明代李东阳的跋:“刘松年画考之小说,平生不满十幅,人亦难得。此图四幅,写作数年遒成。今观笔力细密,用心精巧,可谓画之圣者。”而明代书画收藏家张丑也称刘松年为南宋四大家之中的佼佼者:“南宋刘松年为冠,李唐、马远、夏圭次之。”

  刘松年还是一位爱国画家,曾画过《中兴四将图》,以表彰岳飞、韩世忠等民族英雄之伟绩。《四景山水图》中,刘松年在表现南宋士绅官僚优裕闲适生活的同时,似乎也从侧面透露出对那些专注享乐的官僚的不满。

 

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