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  在现代一些人的眼里,七夕节是情人节,宋代词人秦观的《鹊桥仙》“两情若是久长时,又岂在朝朝暮暮。”便写出了人们祈求幸福美满、爱情永恒的美好心愿。其实七夕节起初并不是情人节,而是乞巧节,即女子学艺、展示技能的节日,清代画家丁观鹏的《乞巧图》(见图),就有描绘女针乞巧之情形。从中我们可以看出古代女子在农历七月初七月下拜织女、穿针乞巧的习俗。

  七夕乞巧习俗缘于汉代,历代文人笔记里多有记载,最早见于东晋葛洪《西京杂记》。当时的风俗是“汉彩女常以七月七日穿七孔针于开襟楼,人俱习之”。南北朝时已成风气,《荆楚岁时记》称:“是夕,人家妇女结彩缕,穿七孔针。或以金银鍮石为针,陈瓜果于庭中以乞巧。”在七夕节,女子通过对织女的祭拜来祈愿拥有智慧和巧艺。到了唐代,七夕节庆越来越热闹,五代十国时期的王仁裕在笔记小说《开元天宝遗事》中说:“七夕,宫中以锦结成楼殿,高百尺,上可以胜数十人,陈以瓜果酒炙,设坐具,以祀牛女二星,妃嫔各以九孔针、五色线向月穿之,过者为得巧之侯。动清商之曲,宴乐达旦。土民之家皆效之。”宋元之际,七夕乞巧相当隆重,京城中还设有专卖乞巧物品的市场,世人称为乞巧市。宋罗烨、金盈之辑《醉翁谈录》说:“七夕,潘楼前买卖乞巧物。自七月一日,车马嗔咽,至七夕前三日,车马不通行,相次壅遏,不复得出,至夜方散。”到明清时,七夕节花样更多,除了在庭院中,摆设香案,陈瓜果,望空焚香膜拜,穿七孔针外,还流行“丢巧针”。清富察敦崇《燕京岁时记》“丢针”条:“京师闺阁,于七月七日以碗水暴日下,各投小针,浮之水面,徐视水底日影,或散如花,动如云,细如线,粗如椎,因以卜女之巧拙。俗谓之‘丢针儿’。”

  丁观鹏,活动于康熙末期至乾隆中期,北京人。雍正四年(1726)进入宫廷为画院处行走,是雍正、乾隆朝画院高手,与唐岱、郎世宁、张宗苍、金廷标齐名。造诣深湛。在宫廷画院五十年左右,作品近二百件。他擅道释、人物等题材,尤精仙佛、神像等,取法明代丁云鹏,渐有出蓝之誉。传世作品有《法界源流图》《乞巧图》《无量寿佛图》《宝相观音图》等。

  丁观鹏的这幅《乞巧图》(见图),采用白描手法,运笔如行云流水,描绘出七夕夜间庭院中妇女们燃烛斋供的情景。画面上的贵妇三五成群,或立或坐,或相互交谈,或成群结队,或轻盈漫步,或仰穿针线,动态多姿。众侍女忙于上灯、烧水、执壶、捧盘、抬桌。画卷结尾到向天斋供为止,类似连续画,反映了七夕乞巧的风俗情景及过程。庭院内以翠竹、假山、松、梧等为布景。妇女发丝,著墨细匀,衣褶线条流畅,饰纹刻画细致,佩环飘动,得“吴带当风”之姿。全图色彩丰富,人物颇具动感,是清代宫廷绘画中合笔画的代表作之一。

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