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《朝元图》·局部  元代  永乐宫壁画

  

   《朝元图》为永乐宫壁画的一部分,是元代壁画艺术的最高曲范。永乐宫原在山西永济县永乐镇,相传为道教祖师之一吕洞宾的故宅。

   壁画中人物服饰冠戴华丽辉煌,衣纹多用吴道子“莼菜条”线条,用笔劲健而流畅,既含蓄又有力度,衣带飞舞飘逸,有如满墙风动,充分发挥了线条的高度表现力。用色方面,采用重彩勾填,色彩厚重而丰富,绚烂而协调,道具在背景上都富有装饰性,在冠戴、衣襟、薰炉等处沥粉贴金,绚烂夺目。我们来看一下在三清殿西壁中部下层的一幅奉宝玉女像,来体会一下这幅壁画中用笔用色的妙处。奉宝玉女在金母元君的身后。玉女面相俊俏,双目前视,嘴唇微闭,极具温柔娴雅的神韵。她头戴花冠,上身穿广袖衫,双手端装有龙旃的圆盘,仪态端庄。面部和衣纹的线描都疏密有致。土黄色的衣裙,绿色的飘带,沥粉贴金的发饰和龙旃,给人高贵富丽之感。总之,《朝元图》是永乐壁画中的精品。

   整个画面,气势不凡,场面浩大。但在这人物繁杂的场面中,作者又把主要精力都集中在近300 个“天神”朝拜元始天尊的道教礼仪中,营造了一种庄严的气氛。画面上共有人物 290个左右,以8个高3米的主像(南极、北极、东极、玉皇、勾陈、木公、后土、金母)为中心,其余人物按对称仪仗形式排列,以南墙的青龙、白虎星君为前导,分别画出天帝、王母等28 位主神。围绕主神,28宿、12宫辰等“天兵天将”在画面上徐徐展开。画中主像庄严肃穆,群像环立,形象丰满圆润,个个神采奕奕,无一雷同。他们之间有的对语,有的倾听,有的沉思,有的注视,神情姿态彼此呼应,成为有机的整体。

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