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  大画家董其昌,由于权高位重,书画及鉴赏之造诣,可尊国朝一流,登门求字索画之徒自然不在少数。这样一来,可搅扰了董大人作书品画的雅兴,为使府邸清静无扰,常常将府门紧闭谢客。向董索画之人,有不少是同僚高官,若全一棍子打死不写不画,也恐遭人闲语,想到席下有不少画技精湛的入室弟子,为避一些人上门索画纠缠,时常请他们为自己代笔写字作画。这其中,赵左便是董其昌最为得意的画中代笔人之一。

  赵左(1573—1644),字文度,左一作佐,诸生,上海松江人,“松江派”山水画领袖。喜游历,能诗善书通画,活跃于万历、崇祯期。胸积腹笥,曾游京访友,一首《秋草诗》名震京城,人呼为“赵秋草”。他的艺术才华,颇受著名诗人画家顾正谊(字仲方,号亭林,上海松江人)赏识,并举荐其从学于名画家宋旭(字初旸,号石门,浙江湖州人,后徙居松江,精山水,师法沈石田,画风雄劲古拙,笔墨幽薮沉厚,被推为“松江派”鼻祖)。赵左得宋旭之笔墨亲授,深具古法,画风内含大进。

  由于当时涉外有年,售画所得之资,并无多少结余,加之布衣一身,曾一度陷入贫困。所幸,其绘画艺术才情及生活困境,得董其昌相知相助,收为入室弟子。董宗五代宋元绘画之本,府中庋藏历代名家字画雄富,一般世间泛泛之品,决不入董老法眼。赵左得幸师事董其昌,常侍奉恩师左右。董是位嗜古为宗的绘画大家,认为“学画者起点要高,要能识得古人笔墨真气,这种真气之法,就是要让笔墨胎入骨髓,此方得古法真趣!”董其昌的尊古思想,则深深影响了学生赵左。老师的“画债高筑”,让他常常无暇顾及左右。这样一来,赵左就完完全全成了老师的“铁杆代笔人”。

  那么,我们从各大收藏机构所存留赵左的山水笔墨来看,赵左的笔墨内涵,的确功力不凡,能入古人绘画之妙境。朱竹垞曾云:“董文敏疲于应酬,每倩赵文度及雪公代笔,亲为书款。”董其昌虽身居高位,然骨子里还依旧是文人。由于平素俗务太多,写字画画本是余事,现今倒成了主题正事。如果画得太应酬,也会招来闲言碎语。好在赵左的代笔水平能让老师放心。学者姜绍书也写道:“与董思白为翰墨友,流传董迹,颇有出文度手者。”这位藏书家、书画鉴赏家都作如是说。看来,要想能真正得到一幅董其昌真迹,看来收藏者的难度还是比较大的。从另一方面反映出,董其昌的书画真品,在当时想得到,都是比较难的,更何况现在。实际上,真能得到赵左的“代笔”画作,也不失为一件美事。因为,这画中都有董老的润色笔墨和落款钤印。若无高超的甄辨眼光,那绝对是要被打眼的。

  我们常说:古代画家心平如镜,认为“代笔”是一门高超的绘画艺术,是艺术家内涵修养的真实体现。首先要声明它不同于一般坊间劣质的字画仿品,“代笔”画家内心没有功利性,更没有要去害人的一线动机,只求认真领悟,画出神韵便可。而一般无笔无墨的字画仿品,由于仿者不谙古代优秀画作的笔墨内含,内心缺少艺术综合修养,下笔粗俗少境,是很难驾驭画中笔墨之真谛的。

  本文就来欣赏一幅赵左的《山水图》(见图)。作品纸本,尺寸67.1×35厘米,现藏于吉林博物院。整幅构图,笔致紧密,清润无尘,平夷中凸显险峻。小桥流水,隐逸着高士溪山访友归来的愉悦心情。世评其“善烘染,林间古树刻画渗透。山石层次叠复,笔墨灵润,亦有精能入妙之境。”此老一生工于绘画,仿古画尤甚,少自家风范。虽笔墨多“代笔”董老画作,然笔墨功力与董相比,略显单薄,究其原因,乃董之书法功力太厚,此乃赵之笔墨所不逮也。

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