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  面对突如其来的新冠肺炎疫情,“宅”在家里不外出是最好的防疫措施,利己利人利社会。其实古人是喜欢过“宅”生活的,特别是那些高人隐士。明末清初画家沈颢的《闭户著书图》(见图),就向人们展示了“宅”在家里写作的老者形象。

  沈颢(1586—1661),字朗倩,号石天、朗道人,吴县(今江苏苏州)人。能诗歌,擅书法,精绘画,尤善写山水,取法沈周,笔墨秀雅,立壑奇突,晚年笔意挺秀,点染清妍。他还深入研究绘画理论和技巧,著有《画尘》《枕瓢》《焚砚诸集》等,其论画源流与董其昌相同,主张师自然而法古人,提倡临摹古人不在形似而在神会,“似而不似,不似而似”是其独到见解。沈颢所绘《闭户著书图》,纸本设色,纵96.2、横40.8厘米,藏于北京故宫博物院,《石渠宝笈》著录。

  画面上苍松参天,枝干遒劲,修竹青翠,枝叶扶疏,树上古藤缠绕;松竹之间房屋俨然,庭院柴门紧闭,房前小溪潺潺,窠石危然,杂草萋萋,一派田园景致;室内有书橱、几案、花草等,陈设典雅,一老夫子悠闲自得,伏案书写。整幅画作笔墨秀润雅逸,用笔工细严谨,景色淡远清旷,清风明月相伴。沈颢工书,画中自题诗句,多作韵语。此幅题有款识:“安素先生,抱道高栖,日著书万言。穆如之风,真追支、许。其次公原定,逸才清骨,与予有缟紵之谊。近闻迁乔,写此代贺。癸酉中秋,朗道人颢。”由此可见此画作于癸酉年中秋,癸酉为明崇祯六年(1633),时年作者48岁。此画是沈颢为好友安素先生迁乔之喜而画的“贺作”,好友应是清风道骨、高雅脱俗之人,终日闭门深居,研究道法,著书立说,学富五车。

  沈颢于画中题有唐诗:“闭户著书多岁月,种松皆作老龙麟。”此诗句出自唐代诗人王维所作的一首七律《春日与裴迪过新昌里访吕逸人不遇》。全诗为:“桃源一向绝风尘,柳市南头访隐沦。到门不敢题凡鸟,看竹何须问主人。城上青山如屋里,东家流水入西邻。闭户著书多岁月,种松皆老作龙鳞。”王维与知交裴迪前往柳市南头拜访一姓吕的隐士高人,却没有遇到主人,而王维被吕逸人的隐居之处的幽雅景色所吸引,极力称赞吕逸人闭户著书的隐居生活,表达了作者艳羡“绝风尘”的情怀。从门前主人亲手栽种的松树表皮,已经老得就像龙鳞一样,可见吕逸人无求于功名,不碌碌于尘世,长年累月潜心经史,治学立言久矣。沈颢尚未看到好友新居的样子和周围环境如何,于是借用王维的诗意想象出理想的隐居之地,描绘好友闭户著书新居所的景色。

  疫情防控已到关键时刻,我们不妨学习古人闭户宅家,静心读书,修心养性,或借助网络,开展丰富多彩的居家生活,迎接即将到来的灿烂阳春。

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