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李唐《村医图》

  奋战在疫情防控阻击战第一线的李兰娟院士,早年曾做过赤脚医生。在上世纪六七十年代,赤脚医生为我国广大农村普及医疗知识和疾病防疫作出了重大贡献,现在称为乡村医生,而在古代则称为村医。

  南宋画家李唐的《炙艾图》立轴(又称《村医图》,绢本设色,尺寸为68.77×58.7厘米,台北故宫博物院藏)(见图),则描绘了当时村医治病的情景。

  图中所绘季节为盛夏之时,作者以大笔挥写树木躯干,苍老粗犷,两棵大树枝叶繁茂,遮天蔽日,似有微风吹得树叶有舞动之感,近处是农舍院落,小桥流水,土坡草叶疏密有致,把乡村小景描绘得朴实无华,乡风浓郁。

  浓浓的树阴之下是画的表现主题,一个老村医正在为一个老农医治。病人上身袒露,看来艾灸时很疼痛,他双目圆瞪,眉头紧锁,髭须竖立,张着大嘴,声嘶力竭地叫喊着,身上的肌肉紧绷,似有颤抖之状,将病人的痛苦不堪之相刻画得惟妙惟肖,跃然纸上;为避免病人不忍疼痛挣扎乱动,一老妇的双手紧紧抓住病人一条胳膊,一腿跪地,另一脚踩住病人的腿。一年轻者拽住病人的另一条胳膊,并死死地踩住病人的另一条腿,将脸藏在老妇人身后,不忍看病人的痛苦表情。另一少年牢牢地按住病人的身子,使其动弹不得。此三人神情紧张,内心里在为病人的痛苦担忧,由此猜测应该是病者的家人,老妇应为其老伴,两年轻人应为其子(女)。村医腰挂药囊,端坐在矮凳子上,面对病人的大喊大叫并不心动,仍然是神情专注,表情从容,他捋起双臂,左手按住病人肩部,右手为病人背部的脓疮艾灸,看其神情不慌不忙,胸有成竹。身后的助手背插膏药幌子,手捧一副膏药,用嘴中的热气呵着,随时准备贴在艾灸后的疮口上。两位村医呼应得当,配合默契,施治有序。

  李唐(约1085—1165),字晞古,河阳三城(今河南孟县)人。聪颖勤奋,诗文书画俱佳,在徽宗朝被选入宫廷画院。“靖康之变”被掳往北国,后冒死南逃,颠沛流离,辗转到临安,以卖画度日。绍兴十二年(1142)经别人举荐,被朝廷授成忠郎,任画院待诏,赐金带。李唐所画山水、花鸟、人物等皆精,笔墨峭劲,气势雄峻,独创“大斧劈”皴法,且人品正、画品高,与刘松年、马远、夏圭合称“南宋四家”。《村医图》的艺术表现手法细致入微,人物特征准确,整个医治场面描绘得生动形象,观之如身临其境,说明作者深入生活观察细腻,体验丰富。观此图让人心酸,画面上病者及家人衣衫褴褛,是生活在社会底层的穷苦人,反映了中国古代穷苦百姓求医的真实情况,体现了作者对劳动人民的同情和怜悯。图上村医所穿衣服也是补丁摞补丁,且左裤腿还破了一个大洞,这反映了生活在底层的村医也穷苦潦倒。

  宋代有官医和民医两大类,官医在朝为官,最顶端的是翰林医官,即太医,朝廷设有翰林医官局或太医局,各州县也设有大量的官医。民医则是在野的民间医生,其中不乏身怀绝技者,在城市里的称为市医、里医,开医铺、药铺坐诊。而农村的医生称为村医,大多数没有固定的诊所,游走各地为人治病。如王安石有诗曰:“侧足呻吟地,连甍瘴疟秋。穷乡医自绌,小市药难求。”陆游也有描写村医的诗句:“傍篱邻妇收鱼笱,叩户村医送药方。”这些村医水平参差不齐,医疗设施差,药材也有限,但是都是乡里乡亲,看病态度热情,有唤必到,上门诊治。

 

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