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宋朝人和唐朝人的喝茶方法

来源:中国书画网 作者:中国书画网编辑部

宋朝人和唐朝人的喝茶方法

 

        唐朝人喝茶全是煮:先用茶碾子把茶砖碾碎,碾成粉面状的茶末,再用茶罗把茶末过滤一下,然后把茶末投放到滚水里,像煮饺子一样煮上三滚,最后喝那一锅茶汤。​
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  宋朝人喝茶,比唐朝有所改进,他们用小勺把茶末分到几个碗里,冲入滚水,一边冲一边搅,快速搅动,让茶末跟滚水充分混合,这叫“点茶”。点好的茶汤上面还会泛出一层乳白色的泡沫,好像卡布奇诺咖啡。​
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  在宋朝的茶道中,烧水是很关键的一步。宋朝人点茶一般不用铁锅烧水,而用瓷瓶烧水。烧水的瓷瓶是特制的,宋朝人叫它“砂瓶”,耐高温,可以直接架在炭火上烤,砂瓶里装大半瓶水,一会儿就烧开了。由于瓶壁是不透明的,所以看不见水开,只能听声。听声辨水,是宋朝茶艺界的绝活儿。​
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  宋朝茶瓶是瓷的,茶碗有时候也用瓷。早在唐朝,上流社会鄙视瓷器,喝茶用铜碗、银碗或者金碗,甚至用铁碗,拒绝用瓷碗。后来出了一个叫卢廙的茶道高手,他说金银太贵重,铜铁太俗气,这些金属茶碗还都有腥味儿,影响茶汤的口感和成色,只有瓷碗才是压倒一切的理想茶具(参见苏廙《仙芽传》,该书已散佚,今存于《说郛》)。卢廙的见解非常科学,开启了宋朝用瓷碗喝茶的风气。​
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  宋朝已经可以烧造紫砂茶具了,但是紫砂并不被宋朝士大夫喜欢,一是因为紫砂透气性太强,茶汤很容易渗透进去,喝完茶不容易刷干净(现在流行紫砂壶,人们常说茶能养壶,其实就是指紫砂的细孔里填充了茶叶渣子,既不卫生,又会影响下一道茶的表现);二是因为紫砂天然有一种土腥味儿。​
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  唐人煮茶,今人冲茶,宋人点茶。点茶无需茶壶,故此宋朝并不生产茶壶,只烧造茶碗。茶碗又分很多种,南宋景德镇烧造的茶碗属于影青瓷,胎很薄,釉很白,半透明,很好看,但是这种茶碗并不受欢迎。宋朝人最喜欢的茶碗是建州窑出产的小黑碗,胎特别厚,造型古朴,看起来很笨重,但是耐高温,导热慢,适合点茶。​
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  现代人喝茶,多用玻璃杯、紫砂杯和白瓷杯,宋朝人则喜欢用黑瓷碗。因为宋朝最好的茶汤都是乳白色的,只有用黑碗才能凸显茶汤的乳白。如果用白瓷碗、白瓷杯或者透明的玻璃杯,你就分不出哪是杯子哪是茶了。​

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